Historic Perspective of Organizational Theory Essay

Theories pertaining to concepts of management were developed by Max Weber, Henri Fayol, and Elton Mayo. Management is the central component to an organized view on what each theory encompasses, the contributions and how the theories differ and even complementary factors. Individual contributions to management theories impact organizational power as well as the society and state which the ideas are focused. The legacy of theses theories will continue to shape business in the present and future. Organizational theory is designed to understand the nature of the organization. By which organizations can evaluate its overall business by putting the right structure and operate in different ways. Organizational theory also helps us understand how processes such as change and decision making can be managed. It deals with different structures and cultures such as large organizations have different structures and cultures than small ones, and the manufacturing organizations operate in a differe nt way than those in the service sector. (Burton & Obel, 1984) Frederick Taylor composed the principles of scientific management in the early nineteenth century, which marked the beginning of modern management theory (Robbins, 2000). The theory influenced management and has the greatest impact because of the insistence on application of scientific method. Furthermore, managers relied upon instinct and intuition as the source of constructive ides and information but the scientific method provided a formulation for conscious analysis. Max Weber contributed to management theory that within a bureaucratic system the organization was continuous bond of rules and the hierarchical arrangement is where one level was subject to control by the  level above. Bureaucracy lends to the notion of society becoming more integrated and more complex. Organizations have become more dependent on specialists and experts for advice and for influence. In the managerial perspective, democracy is seen as a consequence of elite competition (Alford and Friedland1985,). Henri Fayol, an industrialist divided the management structure into six basic groups, technical, commercial, financial, security, accounting and managerial activities. The six categories or groups are not absolute but can be manipulated according to purpose and need. Fourteen general principles of management were developed such as organize, delegate, staff, control, co- ordinate, lead and budget, your organization will prosper with efficiency and effectiveness therefore br inging great productivity. An administrative principle is a major contribution because this creates a narrower process of developing and maintaining procedures. The principle gives clear structure and rules and takes into consideration the changing environment and it applies to the organization, powers, duties and information that sets each organization apart and the basis for which all employees can be trained. A rigid form of rules and power being still govern any organizations so that uniformity can be established. Bureaucratic organizations have become more of a necessary function to the advancement of the economy and society at large because some cities and towns are dependant upon the economic benefits. The advance of large scale corporations with more coordination within markets forces our government to become more bureaucratic because businesses have become informal controllers and dictators. The inevitability of bureaucracies handle increased industrialization reflects the functional emphasis within the concept of management. Frederick Taylor and Henri Fayol are both considered classical contributors to management theory. Developers of an expressionist viewpoint during a period when the aim was elevating the standards of management within the industry that was veiled but instead created a balance and established equity (Brodie, 1967). The two theorists provided the few publications and theories on management. Both theories were developed under the same influencing factors such as war, social struggles and industrial revolution (Urwick. 1951, p7), however each developed different management theories and instructions and vantage points. Scientific management and he developed scientific principles of management, focusing on the individual,  rather than the team and aimed to improve efficiency through production-line time studies, breaking each job down into its components and designing the quickest and best methods of performing each component. Fayol provided insight on the human reaction and identified needs of the individually and that work can be tailored based on intelligence, background and abilities. Taylor focused on the total organization rather than the individual worker, outlining the management functions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating and controlling. The theories proposed by Fayol and Mayo differ greatly in all areas. Fayol concentrated on management functions and attempted to generate a boarder perspective and on principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalization of organizational activities and looked at an organization as a whole (Scott, 1992). Mayo focused on motivation techniques and individual satisfaction. Fayol directed attention on areas such as the production process and adjusted humans to this process, versus Mayo’s human relations approach emphasized the coordination of human and social elements in an organization by following concept such as * Consultation, * Participation * Communication and leadership. The employee of an organization is seen as a machine in Fayol’s theory rather than an important part of the organization. Employee’s needs according to Mayo are based on the idea that workers are happy they will be more productive. Theories proposed by Fayol and Mayo differ greatly in all areas. Fayol emphasized management functions and attempted to generate broad administrative principles that would serve as guidelines for the rationalization of organizational activities (Scott, 1992) and looked at an organization as a whole. Mayo focused on motivation techniques and individual satisfaction. Fayol emphasized the production process and adjusted humans to this process that included relational approach emphasized the coordination of human and social element. Characteristics of bureaucracy Weber believed that all large organizations would over time assume more bureaucratic characteristics. These characteristics were one a high degree of division of labor, two a hierarchy of authority, three the  use of formal written documents and files, 4 the expert training of organizational members, five decisions guided by written rules and procedures, and 6 an impersonality in human relationships. Division of Labor: The organization, according to Weber, was broken down into separate units with their areas of responsibility officially established by organizational policy. Similar to Administrative Management’s concept of departmentalization, Weber proposed that such specialization by organizational units led to greater efficiency. The people involved would only need to be trained in a limited area of knowledge. They could learn their jobs faster and thus perform more efficiently. 2. Hierarchy of Authority. Like Fayol, Weber noted that when the organization was divided into separate units, their activities needed to be coordinated by a hierarchy of graded levels of authorit y. This authority, according to Weber, was rational-legal, resting on a belief by the members of the organization that those people occupying higher positions had a right to issue commands to those occupying lower levels. The authority resided in the legally established and impersonal â€Å"offices† (job positions), not in the people themselves. Weber contrasted this rational form of authority with the non-bureaucratic traditional authority based upon loyalty to the person of the chief or monarch. In order for an organization to continue operating for many years, it must become somewhat independent not only of the people who founded it, but also of the people who managed its activities. The extensive use of formal, written documents in everyday activity and a sophisticated filing system was the characteristic giving the bureaucratic organization certain immortality. People could come and go in specific jobs over time but the bureaucratic organization continued to function efficiently with minimal problems. The knowledge of past events, along with the power that it conveyed, belonged to the specific position (in the filing cabinet) and was only temporarily used by the person holding the position . Anyone new to a particular position could learn what actions had been taken and decisions made by the previous person in the job by going to the relevant files. Expert Training: Weber envisioned that the specialization of positions would enable people to be trained more thoroughly in a narrow range of activities. Employees would be hired and promoted based upon merit and expertise. Decisions and Operations Guided By  Written Rules and Procedures. A key characteristic of bureaucracy was the idea that an organization’s employees followed written rules, which were assumed to be generally stable. The use of rules and procedures made the organization more efficient because they made people’s behavior more predictable and reliable. Rules served not only to make the organization independent of any one individual over time, but also to ensure that actions and decisions made in different parts of the organization were consistent at any given time. Human variability was reduced. In any given set of circumstances, anywhere or anytime in the organization, the same decision would be made and the same actions taken as long as the rules wer e followed. Impersonality from Weber’s point of view, the very impersonality of bureaucracy was a significant improvement over earlier forms of organization. By applying rules and controls impersonally, involvement with personalities and personal preferences was avoided. Employees and customers of a bureaucracy were not considered as individuals but as members of categories. This helped to ensure fair and unbiased treatment according to law — the policies and standard procedures of the organization. Managers were constrained by the same impersonal network of rules as were their subordinates. Actions and decisions could no longer be justified on the basis of personal opinion or on tradition. Bureaucratic Management based on Weber’s description of bureaucracy has been criticized by a number of scholars in the area; there is agreement that he made a significant impact on the field of management and the study of organizations. Unlike Fayol, however, Weber did not recommend a new system of management for others to follow and imitate. Merely described what he saw as the inevitable movement by organizations to become increasingly bureaucratic over time. An over developed bureaucratic mechanism in comparison with other organizations conflicts with the non-mechanical modes of production and allows dominance and could cause a monopoly. Legacy of Traditional Management Traditional Management, as it is now known, was formed out of Scientific Management, Administrative Management, and Bureaucratic Management. By the mid-twentieth century, the use of Scientific Management techniques and Administrative Management principles within a rationally structured bureaucratic organization became the accepted way of managing large organizations. Based upon some key assumptions from classical economics regarding economic man, division of labor, and profit maximization, the concepts, techniques, and prescriptions of Traditional Management succeeded in producing a large number of standardized products and serving a large number of customers with similar needs. Traditional Management seemed incapable of dealing effectively with changing conditions. The best of traditional management found themselves, in the second half of the twentieth century, floundering in the face of more flexible competition with different ideas of managing. The use of traditional management’s prescriptions and techniques resulted in dysfunctional as well as functional consequences for organizational performance. The functional consequences outweighed the dysfunctional consequences; organizations following the traditional approach were very successful. In the early 1900s in North America and Europe, for example, business corporations operated very efficiently and made huge profits selling valued products and services. The dysfunctional consequences present at that time were too few in number and too small in size to overwhelm the vast amount of functional consequences. For example, the epitome of Scientific Management, Henry Ford’s moving assembly line, created jobs in the 1920s for thousands of unskilled workers at double ($5/day) the current wage for similar work. It produced the first automobile affordable by the average person. The jobs may have been monotonous, but worker boredom did not keep the Model T and the Ford Motor Company from becoming a great success story. As time passed, however, and Traditional Management became more institutionalized in large organizations, the dysfu nctional consequences began to increase in number and in size. Organizational performance and productivity increased at a fast rate from 1900 to 1950. After 1950, however, the rate of performance improvement began to slow. An increasing use of Scientific Management assembly lines and bureaucratic procedures appeared to result in less and less of a performance increase. Like heroin, increasing the use of Traditional Management practices seemed to result in a smaller amount of desirable outcomes. It is suggested here that the continued and even increasing use of Traditional Management practices without significant modification in the face of a fast-changing world contributed to the decline in organizational performance. The  dysfunctional consequences of Traditional Management began to accumulate to such an extent that they finally outweighed the functional consequences. Organizational effectiveness and efficiency stopped improving and profits began to decline in the face of aggressive Japanese competition The concept that has the greatest utility by Traditional Management on standardization of the production process as well as the product meant that there could be no room for human variability. The emphasis on rules, principles, and the â€Å"one best way† meant that the behavior of employees must be uniform and predictable if maximum efficiency was to be attained. The basic assumption underlying Traditional Management about the motivation of people stemmed from the concept of economic man. People were expected to behave rationally. Rational people were supposedly motivated by their own economic self-interest. Weber and Fayol did not directly emphasize economic incentives, traditional management generally assumed that employees wanted to earn the most money for the least work. Traditional Management expected employees to be motivated to do very specialized standardized jobs simply because of the workers’ strong need for money. Bibliography Brodie, M. (1967) Fayol on Administration. Mowbray & Co, Oxford. Burton, R. M. & Obel, B. (1984) Designing Efficient Organizations: Modeling and Experimentation, North Holland, Amsterdam Robbins, S.P., Bergman. Stagg, I & Coulter, M. (2000), Management, (2nd Edn) Prentice Hall Scott, W. R. (1992). Organizations: Rational, Natural, and Open Systems. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs. Australia Pry Ltd Taylor, F. (1947) scientific management: comprising Shop management. The principles of scientific management and Testimony before the special House committee. Harper, New York. Urwick, L., Brech, E. (1951) The Making of Scientific Management. Pitman & Sons, London.

Haditha – descriptive writing

Haditha is a large, peaceful farming town situated in western Iraq. It is saturated with primitive, concrete buildings that lace the sandy, debris-ridden roads. They are all painted a sickly shade of yellow which has flaked away from their exteriors over time and now reveals a depressing grey colour. The gigantic palm trees dwarf the grimy, one-floored houses. Most of the shops display smashed or boarded windows. The interiors are eminently dark. The wallpaper is badly torn and peeling away from the walls where it meets the ceiling. Scorch marks from grenades heavily stained the floor and deep bullet holes scarred the walls. No furniture is present – just small, sharp pieces of broken glass and devastated shrapnel. Corrugated iron awnings hang over the pavement at the front of the shops, dismally shadowing the people that walk beneath them. There is a small, crumbling petrol station at the end of the long road that looks like it hasn't operated for years. The attached shop also has smashed windows and vacant interiors. The sign on the roof of the building is badly corroded and rusting; some of the red, Arabic letters have fallen off completely. The pumps are severely damaged and submerged in litter and other large pieces of wreckage; the charred remains of a hatch-back lay next to them. Narrow, gloomy back alleys weave between the buildings of the town like a snake, creating a huge maze separated from the hustle and bustle of the streets. An M1 Abrams tank and a Stryker lie dormant on the road. They are both surrounded by a group of intimidating soldiers, with one of them lazily manning the mounted turrets. They wear baggy, yellow and green camouflage clothes; their chests buried in bags of ammunition and various other items. The rucksacks on their backs look huge in comparison to their bodies. A powerfully built soldier leans against the tank. He sweats under the intense sun and numerous layers of clothing he is wearing. He looks extremely athletic; his huge muscles stretch the fibres of his clothes to their limits. His head seems miniscule in comparison to his enormous, broad shoulders. He has a rugged, pasty complexion; his appearance seems paler still compared to the dark skin tones of the Arabs that nervously rush past. Rough stubble covers his jaw – it looks like he hasn't shaved in weeks! A small boom microphone is swung down the side of his face and hovers before his colourless lips. He is wearing dark sport shades, leaving the concealed part of his face to the imagination. His helmet isn't clipped together under his chin; it is slumped on the top of his head. The badly stitched insignia of the United States Marine Corps (a golden eagle, globe and anchor) on his left sleeve is ripped and torn, due to fall off at any minute. In his hands, he grips a scratched, matt black M16A4 assault rifle that is covered with attachments: a small sight, a cylinder-shaped laser distance finder and a grenade launcher. He is far from under-protected; he wears thick, deep grey padded gloves that look ten sizes too small for the soldier's shovel-like hands; along with camouflage pads that are loosely fastened to his bulging knee and elbow joints. The sun drearily hangs on the horizon, casting large, oblong shadows across the town. It slowly creeps down and out of sight, allowing the town to descend into darkness. The distant sound of repetitive gun fire that rattles through the air is rather soothing. The noise of large metal rotors from several Apache helicopters fills the air as they fly overhead, deafening everyone for miles around. Their chiselled, futuristic exteriors reflect something from a sci-fi movie. In a back alley, a dark-skinned insurgent stands facing a feeble-looking man, who anxiously holds a large, black leather briefcase. The insurgent's head is covered with a red, patterned table-cloth type material that falls below his neck; with only one small gap across his face that reveals his hard, piercing eyes. The rest of his body is draped in a brilliant white, silk robe. A grubby AK-47 with no stock is loosely strapped to his back. The man holding the briefcase has scars running across his face, the most prominent stretching from his ear right down to his lips; it looks like he has tried shaving with a cheese grater. Standing next to each other, the insurgent is almost a head taller than the man. Sweat pours down the man's face as he nervously hands the briefcase over to the insurgent, who eagerly stands awaiting the delivery. Their meeting is interrupted by two soldiers shouting loudly and running towards them. The insurgent and the man quickly scurry off into the embracing darkness of the back-alley. The town sinks in to darkness for another night. The cool, crisp air replaces the sweltering heat. A light breeze whistles over the empty town as people start heading for their homes; eventually the density of people in the streets declines into nothing. The few street lamps that braid the road faintly flicker. Bright green tracer from the direction of the distant gun-fire spontaneously shoots off into the night sky at various angles and then disappears from view. The lonesome soldiers huddle together around the grumbling vehicles, desperately trying to share the little body heat they have. In place of dark sports shades, they now wear huge, black bulky night vision goggles. All the lights are off, except for the moon that dimly lights up the night sky. The town is asleep.

Global and International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Global and International - Essay Example Magon focused on the manufacture of winemaking, which served as a platform for agricultural activities of the Roman. The Romans acclaimed Magon’s treatise and regarded it as valuable. Consequently, the Romans transferred the treatise to Rome upon the obliteration of Carthage. The Romans translated the dissertation into the Latin language. The Byzantines, Vandals and Romans, proceeded with the production of wine in Tunisia. On the other hand, the Arab leaders repressed the production of wine after Tunisia was conquered in the 8th Century AD. The large-scale production of wine in Tunisia returned in 1881 after the French invasion. The French anticipated the benefits derived from Tunisia’s soil and climate that is naturally suitable for the production of wine. The French numerous huge vineyards for the production of wine created to French standards. However, the dynamics of production in Tunisia changed in 1956 after attaining independence. The citizens of Tunisia fully controlled the production of wine. The situation is similar presently. Numerous varied vineyards and domains currently exist in Tunisia. Nevertheless, Tunisia is yet to attain the full potential of wine production. Subsequently, the country exports minimal wine to outside countries. The drawback in realization of full potential of wine is reprehensible. The wine that Tunisia produces matches international standards. Therefore, Tunisia can compete favorably with other countries whose terrains produce exceptional wine. Tunisia offers quality and tasty wine for oenophiles inside the nation at low cost. By 2008, the area in Tunisia covered with vineyards was 31,000 hectares. Of the total land covered by vineyards, 108,000 acres is dedicated to grapes that are utilized in wine making. The major varieties of grapes found in the vineyards of Tunisia are identical to grapes in southern France. The similarity occurs because of the indulgence of France in Tunisia’s

International Debt Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Debt Crisis - Essay Example These OPEC nations deposited much of their profits in commercial banks.; Sseeking for new investment opportunities, these banks issued loans to developing countries without strictly monitoring how loans were used. Some of these loans loans didn't even not meeting the minimum standard of social, ecological and economic viability; they and only enriched a small group of people such as government officials and small elites. Meanwhile, extremely tight monetary policies were used to control inflation, which contributed to the rising interest rate, high cost of fuel and world recession, therefore making it . It was difficult for these "Global South" countries to repay their debts., Ssome economists even used the term "'moral hazar"d' for the inadequate effort by these debtor countries to payoff their debts, , which eventually saw the emergence of debt crisis. Debt conversion programs such as "debt-for-development", "debt-for-exports", "'debt-for-exports", "debt buy-back" and "debt-for-debt" were introduced, but it was the "debt-equity swap" which captured most of the attention on the business and financial fields between the 1980s and 1990s. "Debt-for-equity swaps" was first put forward by Philippines and its importance was growing until the mid-1990s. From 1985 to 1996, "debt-for-equity" net aaccounted for a total of US$38.6 billion and; its priority aim is was restructuring the financial situation to a better position of the debtor countries for long term success. Three parties are involving in such swaps, and they are: the debtor government, the private sector investor1 and the creditor2. Commercial debt and bilateral publicly guaranteed debt are eligible to arrange "'debt-equity swaps"'. , andT the debt conversion proceeds can be converted to cash or, bonds, to acquire the holding of public sector assets or to invest in the private sector, depending on the preferences of stakeholders involved. The private sector investors often act as the "negotiator"; they buy external debts of developing countries at a discount from face value on the secondary market or from a bilateral export credit agency, and then sell them to the debtor governments at the negotiated redeemable price in respective local currencies or local currency instruments3. The private investors will then be able to use the capital to invest in equity shares of domestic enterprises or public assets for the case of privatisation programmes4. Economically speaking, the amount of welfare gain must be larger than the welfare loss to successfully initiate the "debt-for-equity swap". Investors from the private sector often use the "Net Present Value" of the swap to determine the benefit if striking the deal. It is difficult to measure quantitatively that the exact value of "net" welfare gain, though an analysis on qualitative issues can be conducted through investigating the pros and cons of materializing "debt-equity swap" for each of the parties involved. For debtor countries, one of the potential advantages of performing the swap is its positive impact on the country's balance of payment by reducing the total debt and future debt service obligations in hard currency. Depending on the overall debt situation and the amount of debt swap, swap may reduce the debt "'overhang"' of a country and improve its pecking order in global financial markets. In addition, the swap encourages foreign capital inflows which may spur the

Slave trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Slave trade - Essay Example The basic reason for the selection of this picture is the idea to identify the original way of living of the innocents before they were enslaved. The top three figures are of women of Kazegnut in interesting costumes. However, after being enslaved these beautiful dresses used to be snatched away for making them work naked. The left figure reveals Negroes climbing a palm tree. This action can be either for gathering food or for having fun. Whatever be the reason, this independence was lost after colonization. The lower middle portion of the picture shows a Negroe playing on the ballard or balafo. Such recreational activities were lost after being enslaved. The bottom right portion depicts huts of the Negros who never had a shelter of their own once they were traded. My perception that slave trade should have never been started is impeccably sound. Picture 2 Poster Announcing Sale and Rental of Slaves, Saint Helena (South Atlantic), 1829 This picture belongs to the category ‘Slav e Sales and Auctions: African Coast and the Americas’. This particular picture has been chosen with the objective of revealing that there existed no difference in the way goods were traded and men and women were purchased and sold in the name of slave trade.

HRM Overview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

HRM Overview - Essay Example The organizational function that deals with the people ..." (Heathfield, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to describe the extent to which HR practices can effectively modify organisational culture and thereby increase the commitment of employees, and also give an account on various aspects of HR management. HR applies to the workforce managed by any employer. An organisation or a business needs employees. In other words, without employees it becomes highly difficult for an organisation to run. It is also equally important to properly manage these employees in order to achieve optimal efficiency. There are several research conducted over the years of how to manage the workforce properly. If fact it has been proven to be much more difficult the workforce than maintaining the complicated computer systems or many other machines. It has also been proven beyond doubt that a mechanical approach towards workforce has often failed. This is the reason why the application of human resources management focuses mainly on the most sensitive issue of human analysis to find out what really works with employees. One of the major aspects of HR maintenance involves employee recruitment, training and development as a function of human capital management. Human Resource Management has an important role in making sure that employees' abilities are precisely and favourably nurtured to best suite the companies' requirement. Once the training of an employee is completed, it is essential to seeing a worthwhile return on investment come from their contribution to the company. Along with employee training, HR departments also look into the area of recruiting new applicants. The HR departments are in a continuous quest to find the best talent available on the global labour. Human resources departments also look into a variety of other problems faced by the organisations such as labour relations that include the crucial and highly sensitive dialogue between employees and management - the production of job descriptions, the monitoring of worker to worker relation and to design a efficient employee management system, and over an above the compilation of incentive and benefits packages as well as a variety of other vital functions that relate directly to the employee workforce (hrVillage.com, 2000). In any organisation, the Human Resources Management (HRM) function remains same and it includes a variety of activities. The most important among the functions is deciding on how many staffs need to be recruited and how to allocate the work to the staff. Besides, recruiting and training the employees, ensuring to bring out the best in each of them, dealing with performance issues, and ensuring standards of the organisation is met and above all management practices conform to various regulations are some of the main functions of HRM (McNamara, 1997). HR Impact on organisational performance and culture Good strategies alone cannot guarantee for long-term success rather many other factors impact organizational performance. Corporate culture is one such important factor is which aids an organization to create a high performance environment. Because culture is so important to the success of a firm, human resource professionals need to

Business report for Cadbury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Business report for Cadbury - Essay Example ortfolio on the other hand it will surely provide opportunities for Cadbury for further expand its business and achieve organic growth opted in its strategies. The report not only evaluates company’s present situation but also makes useful findings regarding the company’s future and put forth recommendations for the company to remain a successful entity. This business report has been furnished in order to provide a critical assessment of the business environment in which Cadbury is operating and identify the recent changes that have occurred in the company’s business that has led to change in its ownership which of course has implications for its current business strategy and also future growth prospects. The report utilizes different business models to provide a summative report on the company’s ability to remain as a success in the packaged food industry. This analysis is also supported by financial ratio analysis that provides useful insight into the company’s financial performance and assists in evaluating why changes in the company’s business and strategy are imminent. Finally, recommendations are made for the next years of operations in light with the present corporate strategy of the company. Cadbury has remained a British iconic company for almost 183 years before it was sold to a US company Kraft. The company was established in 1824 by Quaker John Cadbury and later merged with a Swiss counterpart to form Cadbury Schweppes in 1969. Over the years the company had developed product lines into candy and non-alcoholic drinks market. However, as the company focused more on its confectionaries business it decided to sell off its seven famous drink brands that were once important part of the company’s business. Strategically the company has remained a successful business however in the recent years the company has gone through a tough period of hostile takeover bid by Kraft that has generated uncertainties regarding various business segments and

The module called(Life Career Development) Essay

The module called(Life Career Development) - Essay Example In order to evaluate the application of the career development models studied in the module such as Schein’s career anchor, an interview was organised with my elder brother who is employed as a Brand Portfolio Manager in a leading Multinational corporation for the last six years. During the career path, he did not face any difficulties as proper guidance was provided to him by our family members, teachers and colleagues. After completing the High School Education, he successfully got admission in Oxford University from where acquired Masters of Business Administration (MBA) degree in Marketing within the tenure of eight years (after Bachelor’s, two years of experience is mandatory to get enrolled in MBA program). The first job that he obtained was a Customer Representative in a local company where he worked for two years. While he was learning the communication and marketing skills during his work, his senior guided him about the way of getting access to the top ranked organisations. The career path comprised of acquiring MBA degree in marketing and then starting the career in a Multinational Corporation as a Market Researcher. After working at that position for three years, he successfully obtained the position of Assistant Marketing Manager in the firm in which he is currently employed. Within one year of his employment, he was promoted to the Marketing Manager position; after two years, he attained the title of Product Manager and finally, after three years of rendering services at this position, he was moved to Brand Portfolio Manager designation. Since the career development is an important aspect of everyone’s life, many experts have tried to explain the concept by undertaking various studies and experiments. Edger Schein (1978) coined the term ‘career anchor’ to explain the motives behind the career development phases that an individual passes during

Geoffrey Chaucer Impact History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geoffrey Chaucer Impact History - Research Paper Example The present research has identified that the Canterbury tales started with the names of the people going to Canterbury for pilgrimage and moved on to the stories of each individual narrating the personal story during the journey. The writer had written the story of each pilgrim with much detail regarding their jobs, personal behavior and style of outfits having historical relevance and with the perspective of the community. It is because of the reason that Canterbury tales had become the most popular and greatest work of English writing that every historian must have read. The major reasons behind the popularity is the deep insight of the subject and the changes of fourteen century had been mentioned with perfection regarding religion, social aspects and gender differences. In 1343, Chaucer came into this world in Great Britain as a middle class family member but he spent his life in the ruling aristocratic home. During his lifetime he understood the difference and realities of the u pper class and middle class and their bonding with the lower class. This deep understanding made his mind clear and resulted in finesse in writing and clearly stated differences with perfection and amuse regarding social class. His writings also revealed the changes in society. Chaucer was a highly qualified writer although; this quality was not popular among the writers of that century belonging to a middle class. The Canterbury tales had the storyline of pilgrims on their way to their destiny. The story was initiated by the writer in 1387 and continued writing it till his death in 1400. However, the whole story was not fully complete, but there was tales in it with complete meaning and became the leading stories not for that century but for the entire centuries. In the starting of the Canterbury tales, the writer had expressed his views about the non acceptance of rules and regulations by new generation from the old ones. For example: in tale â€Å"general prologue†, the kn ight was explained as honest, accurate and noble and opposite to him was his son with the following of the footsteps of the father. The son was getting the same training as his father but he was more inclined towards arts like writing poetry and singing instead of showing valor and courage as his father. The whole writing showed the changes circumstances than the medieval period as mentioned by historians regarding the knighthood in a country. Chaucer story also mentioned the literature and poetry as the vital parts of the England’s society at that time period that revealed more about the knighthood changes. While the writer was writing over this story during that century, the knighthood was losing its charm and importance in the England. Representation of changing role of society The Canterbury tales did not only explain the changing of society’s role for the high and ruling class but also the change of ideas and controversies regarding the religion in fourteen centur y. The main idea of the Canterbury tales was to explain the pilgrims going on a pilgrimage. Thus, the main concept described the importance of religion in England at that time among the society. According to justice, pilgrimage is travel to the place of worship or tomb of saint by the Christians. The story based on the pilgrims belonged to the clergy. The latest writers can get the better understanding of the people working in the church at that time by reading the tales and can also get to know about the valuable items for the male and female members of clergy during fourteenth century. Religious perspective of Chaucer Chaucer’s described the character of the person in a much detailed and clear tone. In medieval period, parson was known to be as the best clergyman.

Coursework 5 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

5 - Coursework Example The fourth proposition establishes that equity-holders are indifferent about the firm’s financial policy (Gitman, 2009). Given a fixed amount of total capital, the allocation of capital between debt and equity is irrelevant because the weighted average of the two costs of capital to the firm is the same for all possible combinations of the two. In the context of the modern theory of finance, it represents one of the first formal uses of a no arbitrage argument though the â€Å"law of one price† is longstanding. It structured the debate on why irrelevance fails around the Theorem’s assumptions: by neutral taxes; by no capital market frictions (i.e., no transaction costs, asset trade restrictions or bankruptcy costs); by symmetric access to credit markets (i.e., firms and investors can borrow or lend at the same rate); and by the firm financial policy reveals no information (Eiteman, 2007). Discuss the different ways in which a corporation can distribute cash to it s shareholders. Dividends and stock repurchases are the two major ways that corporations can distribute cash to their shareholders.

Difference Between Economic Growth and Economic Development Essay Example for Free

Difference Between Economic Growth and Economic Development Essay Economic Growth is a narrower concept than economic development.It is an increase in a countrys real level of national output which can be caused by an increase in the quality of resources (by education etc.), increase in the quantity of resources improvements in technology or in another way an increase in the value of goods and services produced by every sector of the economy. Economic Growth can be measured by an increase in a countrys GDP (gross domestic product). Economic development is a normative concept i.e. it applies in the context of peoples sense of morality (right and wrong, good and bad). The definition of economic development given by Michael Todaro is an increase in living standards, improvement in self-esteem needs and freedom from oppression as well as a greater choice. The most accurate method of measuring development is the Human Development Index which takes into account the literacy rates life expectancy which affect productivity and could lead to Economic Growth. It also leads to the creation of more opportunities in the sectors of education, healthcare, employment and the conservation of the environment.It implies an increase in the per capita income of every citizen. Economic Growth does not take into account the size of the informal economy. The informal economy is also known as the black economy which is unrecorded economic activity. Development alleviates people from low standards of living into proper employment with suitable shelter. Economic Growth does not take into account the depletion of natural resources which might lead to pollution, congestion disease. Development however is concerned with sustainability which means meeting the needs of the present without compromising future needs. These environmental effects are becoming more of a problem for Governments now that the pressure has increased on them due to Global warming. Economic growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition of economic development.

Role of War in Society Essay Example for Free

Role of War in Society Essay Both The Prince by Niccolo Machiavelli and Utopia by Thomas Moore examine the role and the importance of war to maintain a strong and successful society. More (via Hythloday) believes that war should be the last option and is not needed in a safe and happy government without the help of auxiliaries and mercenaries while on the other hand, Machiavelli believes that war plays a crucial war in a prosperous and thriving society using other troops and people to avoid war. Machiavelle uses his belief that war is the way to have a strong successful government to shape the society of Italy while More uses the belief of peace and forbearance of war to shape his utopian society. More and Machiavelli have opposing opinions on the values and how the way it can maintain a stability and prosperity in a society. Machiavelli believes that power is attained in a government through the conquering of war and that good law and government follows naturally from good military as we can see in Chapter 12. â€Å"The presence of sound military forces indicates the presence of sound law† (Machiavelli 37). This shows that he believes that a strong developing state directly involves the conquering of war. He believed that successful war is the very foundation upon which all states are built. Machiavelli praises Alexandar the Great, Cyrus, Scipio and Caesar as leaders who gained power through their conquering wars. â€Å"Anyone who reads Xenophon’s life of Cyrus must realize how close Scipio modeled himself on Cyrus, how much that imitation contributed to his glory, and how closely he conformed, in temperance, affability, humanity, and liberty to the thing that Xenophon wrote about Cyrus† (Machiavelli 42). In contrast, More shows his views on war through the Utopians. â€Å"Nothing more inglorious than that glory that is gained by war (More 64). The Utopians viewed war as the last resort and would avoid it at all costs. They hated war and found no glory in the practice of killing others. They would only engage in war to protect themselves and their people, to defend allies, and to relieve oppression. â€Å"No man is to be esteemed our enemy that has never injured us; and that the partnership of the human nature is instead of a league. And that kindness and good-nature unite men more effectually and with greater strength than any agreements whatsoever; since thereby the engagements of mens hearts become stronger than the bond and obligation of words† (More 64). This shows that agreement and unity was very important to the Utopians and they would do anything just to maintain it. They would also try their best to preserve good terms with the people or societies around them. In Machiavelle, all of the issues in the government are in a military point of view because the successfulness in war is crucial to the preservation of the government. â€Å"A prince must have no other objective, no other thought, nor take up any profession but that of war, its methods and its discipline, for that is the only art expected of a ruler. And it is of such great value that it not only keeps hereditary princes in power, but often raises men of lowly condition to that rank† (More 40). Military defense and the strategies required are primary to conquer in war and therefore sustain a happy society. Machiavelle uses the Prince to communicate the importance of war to the audience. â€Å"As for physical training, apart from keeping his troops well disciplined and exercised, he should do a great deal of hunting, and thus harden his body to strenuous exercise, meanwhile learning to read terrain.† This shows that he believed that having brute force would help his army in war to conquer the enemy. War is also what helps a prince to attain power and fortune therefore military and war should be his main priority while ruling. â€Å"..in times of peace he should think about it even more than in wartime. He can do this in two ways, by training the body and training the mind. As for physical training, apart from keeping his troops well and disciplined and exercised, he should do a great deal of hunting, and this harden his body to strenuous exercise..† (Machievelle 41) Princes should always and only think about war especially in times of peace. They need to always be prepared and be in a good state to go to war at any time. â€Å"As for exercising the mind, a prince should read history and reflect on the actions of great men.† Princes should examine the tactics that the past rulers used and put them into action. He should learn from them and learn from both their successes and loses and put them as an example for himself. More in his utopian society would rather use cunning to win rather than brute force because he considered strength to be trait belonging to animals. Unlike Machiavelle, when war is made, the utopians would try to use any technique just to stop war. First one is propaganda in which they would secretly post posters in the enemy territory offering big rewards to people that would assassinate the enemy leaders. The second technique they would use is to promise the throne to the enemy’s rulers brother if he helps the utopians. They would never let things debase to the point where a massacre would occur and would prevent it by not destroying too much of the enemy’s land. nothing more inglorious than that glory that is gained by war â€Å" (More 64). This shows how much the utopians are against war and how much they want to avoid it because they believe that it can ruin their utopian society. Machievelle also believed that one using one own army is best as seen through the example of Cesare Borgia. â€Å"I am never reluctant to cite Cesare Borgia and his deeds. The duke entered the Romagna with auxiliary troops, consisting entirely of Frenchmen; and with them he took Imola and Forli. But then when he found they were not to be trusted, he adopted mercenaries as less dangerous, and hired the Orsini and Vitelli. When he found they too were undependable, treacherous, and dangerous to his service, he got rid of them, and turned to the troops of his own.† (Machievelle 38) The danger with the auxiliaries was because they will always be loyal to their ruler in the end and will probably wait to attack you. Mercenaries on the other hand are better than the auxiliaries but still possess characteristics that are tricky and untrustworthy. Therefore, in the end, Machievelle states that using one’s own troops is the best as Cesare Borgia did in the end. In contrast, the Utopians use spies and bribery to try to stop war. They believe that mercenaries and auxiliaries are tricky but at the same time useful. â€Å"Their second preference is to make use of troops belonging to the nation they are trying to defend; and after them, they enlist as auxiliaries squadrons drawn from their other allies. Lastly they enroll their own citizens. But they always appoint one of their own men who has demonstrated his military capacity to be commander in chief of the whole army.† (More 140) The utopians would do anything to avoid war and they usually would use troops of other nations to fight in war and their troops could be the last resort. They would also avoid fighting on their own land and give the best care to their citizens. A counterargument would be that if ever an intruder invades the Utopian society, war would be initiated. â€Å"For you’ll never find yourself at wat except by your own choice, and peace, not war, ought always to be your first priority† (More 66) Yes if peace cannot be made, war would have to be initiated in the Utopian society but even so, peace is always their foremost choice before they initiate anytime of violence or way on another society. In conclusion, Machievelle’s and More’s contrasting views on war and the strategies and tactics used in war serve one purpose which is to create a stable and prosperous society. Machievelle believes that war using one’s own army is the most crucial factor in maintaining a happy society while More argues that avoiding war using bribery and mercenaries is what the government should be doing no matter what kind of tactics are needed to be used.

The Effect of Hydration on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate

The Effect of Hydration on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Introduction Water is the key to all life; without it, life as we know it would not exist. So it is natural to believe that hydration should have an effect on blood pressure and heart rate, considering our heart is also one of the keys to our life as humans. So we will be testing what affect hydration has on blood pressure and heart rate, if any. Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood within our arteries. The measurement is recorded as the systolic pressure (pressure when heart contracts) over the diastolic pressure (pressure when the heart is relaxed). (Weedman, Sokoloski 2009) A study was done at Franz-Volhard Clinical research center that examined how water drinking affected blood pressure in the body. The results showed that drinking 500mL of water increased patients blood pressure and also increased heart rate (Schroeder 2002). Although it was only a slight increase, it still had an affect on the pressure and heart rate. Jens Jordan also did a study on how water affects blood pressure and found that the older the patient was the more of an effect drinking water had on blood pressure. In fact, in some of the younger patients drinking water had no effect at all. However, when the water did have an effect it increased blood pressure every single time. Some of the reasons for this increase,Jordandescribes, are because water and plasma have different osmolarities (concentration of solute vs. solution), the pressure in the blood increases. Also, water may cause different plasma concentrations in the blood which would also cause an increase in blood pressure (Jordan 2002). Rats and humans are very alike organisms. Our bodies both function and are made similarly. So when David Belanger and Samuel M. Feldman did a study on the effects of water deprivation on rats, we can predict that something similar may happen in humans. The rats heart rates decreased the longer they were dehydrated (Belanger and Feldman 1962). The study did not test what hydrating the rats would do, but since the heart rates decreased without water, it is possible that they would increase with water. One reasonable explanation of why dehydration affects blood pressure is due to the tightening of blood vessels. The volume of blood in the blood vessels and veins of the body will begin to lessen when water is drawn from them. As a result, the vessels and veins will contract in order to stay full of blood (otherwise there is extra space, leaving room for gas to build up). This contracting results in high tension, or high blood pressure (Healthy-water-best-filters). I hypothesize that hydration will affect blood pressure and heart rate. I predict that the blood pressure and heart rate will increase. The significance of this experiment is determining how hydration affects blood pressure and heart rate. It is important to know this because high blood pressure is a dangerous condition, and many people suffer from it. If hydration can affect blood pressure (and heart rate) in a good way, it may produce many ways to help keep blood pressure and heart rate at a healthy state. Materials and Methods First, the variable to be tested (hydration) was decided by the class and a question to test was determined. The dependent variable was blood pressure and heart rate (beats per min). The independent variable was hydration (and time). Basal readings (resting blood pressure and heart rate) for each student were used from the last experiment. Each student did not drink any water over the duration of the class (about 2.5 hours), and at the end of class, each student drank roughly 16oz of water. Each person recorded their blood pressure and heart rate at time zero by using their basal BP and HR from the past experiments. Immediately after drinking the water, a partner began timing the other partner. Every three minutes each partner measured their partners blood pressure (systolic/diastolic pressure) and heart rate (beats per min) using a digital sphygmomanometer (which expressed both heart rate and blood pressure). A measurement was taken every three minutes for 12 minutes. There were 13 groups who gathered data, so 26 total students data was obtained and put into excel. Averages, T-Tests, and ranges were then attained and analyzed. (Weedman, Sokoloski 2009) Results The basal readings (resting rate) for blood pressure (systolic/diastolic pressure) for all 26 students ranged from 83/57 (systolic/diastolic) to 158/105 (systolic/diastolic). After every student took three basal readings, the averages for each basal reading were taken, and all three averages were averaged at 108/69 (systolic/diastolic). The blood pressures at time zero ranged from 91/58 (systolic/diastolic) to 175/134 (systolic/diastolic). After the outliers were removed, the average for time zero was 117/74 (systolic/diastolic). At 3 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 86/63 (systolic/diastolic) to 157/117 (systolic/diastolic) and the average was 111/69 (systolic/diastolic) after outliers were removed. At 6 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 85/52 (systolic/diastolic) to 150/75 (systolic/diastolic) and the average was 109/70 (systolic/diastolic) after outliers were removed. At 9 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 91/53 (systolic/diastolic) to 140/80 (systolic/diasto lic) and the average was 116/75 (systolic/diastolic) after outliers were removed. At 12 minutes, the blood pressures ranged from 91/59 (systolic/diastolic) to 137/69 (systolic/diastolic) and the average was 113/70 (systolic/diastolic) after outliers were removed. This data shows that the blood pressures did not change over time. After performing a T-Test, we can determine that the data is significant (the result of the test was 0.17). (Table 2) Graph 2 also illustrates how the systolic and diastolic pressures did not change over time. After drinking 16oz of water, the blood pressure was not affected at all. The slope of the trendline for average systolic pressure is -0.1. The slope of the trendline for average diastolic pressure is -0.07. The heart rate basal readings for all 26 students ranged from 53 beats per minute (bpm) to 122 bpm. The overall average basal reading for heart rate was 76.57 bpm (Table 1). Our data showed that heart rate decreased (from basal), but it is hard to tell whether the heart rate decreased or increased overall because it continued to decrease until 6 minutes, then it began to slowly increase. Graph 1 illustrates the changes in the heart rate over the 12 minutes. From 0 to 6 minutes, the heart rate decreases by 3.2 bpm, but from 6 to 12 minutes, the heart rate increases by 3.03 bpm (Graph 1). However, since the average basal reading was 76.57 bpm, we can see that after drinking water, the heart rate immediately decreased by 7.07 bpm, and did not recover after the 12 minutes (Graph 1). Since we did not measure recovery rate, we do not know how long it took the body to recover. Discussion I hypothesized that hydration would affect blood pressure and heart rate. I predicted that hydration would cause the blood pressure and heart rate to increase. The data did not completely support my hypothesis and prediction. Hydration did not affect blood pressure, but it did affect heart rate. Graph 2 illustrates that once students drank 16oz of water their blood pressure was not affected. The slopes of both of the trendlines for systolic and diastolic pressures were extremely close to zero, showing that the blood pressures did not change due to hydration. This is significant, shown by a T-Test comparing our PRs at 12 and 0 min at 0.70. Although the pressures increased a bit from the basal readings, it still follows the trend of the graph, and would not affect the trendlines. So we determine that hydration did not affect blood pressure. Graph 1 illustrates that heart rate was affected by hydration. From time zero to 6 minutes, the average heart rate decreased by 3.2 bpm. From 6 to 12 minutes, the heart rate increased by 3.03 bpm. These increases and decreases of the heart rate are very close to each other. If we measured heart rate longer, we would be able to determine if this was a pattern or not. However, from the average basal reading of 76.57 bpm (Table 1) to the reading at time zero, there was an average decrease of 7.07 bpm. Compared to the other decrease in the graph, this is a much larger one. So we can conclude that hydration does affect heart rate, but only for a brief period of time. It decreases heart rate immediately, but after about 6 minutes, the heart rate begins to increase again. We can not determine if the heart rate is recovering because we did not measure until the rate completely recovered. So we can only conclude from our data that hydration decreases heart rate for about 6 minutes, and then i t begins to recover. An alternative hypothesis for the effect of hydration on blood pressure and heart rate would be that it would not affect blood pressure, and it would affect heart rate. The results of the study conducted at Franz-Volhard Clinical research center do not match the results we got in our experiment. They found that hydration increased both blood pressure and heart rate (Schroeder 2002). Our study showed that hydration does not affect blood pressure, but it does increase heart rate (for a certain period of time). Jens Jordans study, however, supports our results. In some of the younger patients in his study, hydration had no effect on blood pressure. But in the older patients, blood pressure increased (Jordan 2002). Since the patients of our experiment are all young, our results match Jordans. The study done my David Belanger and Samuel M. Feldman was conducted with rats, not humans and was the effect that dehydration has on heart rate. Their results showed that the longer the rats were d ehydrated, the more the heart rates decreased (Belanger and Feldman 1962). I predicted that since the heart rates decreased without water, they would increase with water. Since the experiments and variables were a little different, it is hard to compare the results of our experiment with theirs, but my prediction that was based on their experiment was not supported by our data. I have identified several weaknesses in our experimental setup. If the amount of time allowed to measure the blood pressure and heart rate were extended, we could have determined when the blood pressure and heart rate recovered, and that would have helped with the analysis of our data immensely-especially the heart rate. We may have been able to determine if the heart rate actually did decrease, or if it was just a pattern that the body and heart have naturally. So recovery time would have helped with the significance of our data, as well as the analysis. Also, our data might have been more accurate with a larger group of people. More people would have solidified our data as more accurate. The water we used was also not measured and temperature was not taken, so that could have an affect on our data. Everyone drank different amounts out water at different temperatures. Keeping those variables constant would have made our results more accurate as well. Works Cited Belanger, David, and Samuel M. Felman. 1962. Effects of water deprivation upon heart rate and instrumental activity in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55. Dehydration And Blood Pressure Are Linked. Treat HBP with Water! Dehydration symptoms= Sickness. Chronic Dehydration,Treatment, Hydration. 31 Jan. 2010. . Jordan, Jens. 2002. Acute effect of water on blood pressure. Mini-Symposium: Review Article. Schroeder, Christoph, Victoria E. Bush, Lucy J. Norcliffe, Friedrick C. Luft, Jens Tank, Jens Jordan, and Roger Hainsworth. 2002. Water Drinking Acutely Improves Orthostatic Tolerance In Healthy Subjects. Clinical Investigation and Reports. 1. Weedman and Sokoloski. Biology of Organisms: A Laboratory Manual for LIFE103. Vol. 5E. Mason: Cengage Learning, 2009.

There is No Alternative to War Essay -- War Violence World History Ess

There is No Alternative to War There is an average of twenty ongoing wars in the world at any given time. Some are internal civil wars, others are between nations. But the purpose of this thesis is not to report warfare, but the act of it. This includes the evolution of conventional and nuclear warfare, the potential effect of a nuclear war and why it is necessary for nations to fight war. This analysis will be based on a study of Gwyn dwyer's seven-part series, "War". The only other references used to compound this thesis will be statements from former heads of state, as corresponding to the subject of war. War is an indispensable part of civilization an is found at every chapter of human history. It is the culmination of the basic survival instinct when provoked. In the early centuries, traditional warfare employed the use of hoplite soldiers and cavalry who met at a scheduled location and fought reciprocally. The seventeenth century changed the rules of warfare, beginning with Napoleon, who increased the scale of battle in the Baradino church in 1812. The French Revolution marked the rise of modern nationalism, with civilians volunteering to join the army. The concept of National Mobilization was introduced, but not effected until the American Civil war. The Industrial Revolution produced new weapons, such as the machine-gun and the tank. These weapons assured a greater scale of destruction than was formerly accomplished. The two world wars marked the...

Primitive Mans Relationship with Fire and the Environment :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Primitive Man's Relationship with Fire and the Environment Common knowledge holds it that primitive man was a being barely more developed than the ape, existing without culture, innovation, or technological prowess. This belief focuses especially on homo erectus, an ancestor of man who lived from about 2 million to roughly 200,000 years ago. It is commonly believed that h. erectus was a creature existing in technological stasis, without the ability to advance his existence through innovation, and void of culture. This type of thinking could quickly be altered, though, if recent discoveries hold true. Recent evidence points to a distinct possibility that h. erectus may have been the first ancestor of man to harness the power of fire. Such a finding would greatly alter the current system of beliefs in regard to the evolution of man and the status of man's ancestors during the time of h. erectus. These findings would indicate that h. erectus did have some culture, and some innovative skill that allowed him to control his environment. The eviden ce supporting the taming of fire by h. erectus is not beyond reproach, though. In fact, it has come under heavy questioning. A desire for even stronger evidence could eventually dispel the notion that this primitive version of man could control fire, and allow for maintenance of the current belief that man did not truly evolve into a being with any type of culture until the existence of homo sapiens. Up until the year 2000, a great deal of evidence surrounding man's use and control of fire indicated that such technology probably did not appear until roughly 200,000 years ago. The implication that h. sapiens was the first in the line of mankind to control fire was supported by evidence found at a site in Zhoukoudian, China. While it had been believed for some time that Zhoukoudian was the first site of controlled fire, evidence found through more exhaustive research indicates otherwise. There are no hearths at the site in China. Nor are there any food remnants. Such evidence leads to the belief that the burnt bones found at the site are probably the result of a natural fire (Wuethrich). The lack of strong evidence supporting the site as one in which man's control of fire is displayed supported the belief that h. erectus lacked technological prowess and culture. The next best candidate for the site of man's first documented control of fire was a collapsed sea cave in Menez Dregan, France.

The Beatles’ Legacy Essay -- Beatles Music Group History Essays

The Beatles’ Legacy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many know The Beatles as the most popular and influential music group of the 20th century. In the early 1960’s, their popularity grew rather rapidly. They continued gaining popularity well through the 1960’s. Although their popularity has decreased somewhat over time, the influences they have contributed during their career have remained apparent even today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Beatles originated from the UK in the early 1960’s. Before becoming known as the â€Å"Fab Four† the Beatles had multiple band member alterations. In August 1960, after settling on the name the Beatles the band had 5 members. Two years following the official band naming the number of members decreased to four. The front-line guitarists John Lennon, Paul McCartney, and George Harrison, and the bands drummer, Ringo Star, became the permanent members of the Beatles in 1962. In England, by the end of 1963 the band had become well known and highly adored musical artists. However despite their popularity in the UK, the company who held American rights to the Beatles, Capitol, did not believe they were capable of breaking out onto the American pop charts. As stated by Capitol â€Å" We don’t think the Beatles will do anything in this market†. It wasn’t until November of late 1963 that Capitol agreed to release the first Beatles single, â€Å"I Want To Hold Your Hand†. The song shot up to number one in America only one month after it had been played on the radio for the first time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Beatles had just made history. They were the first British band to ever rank so high on the American charts. What made this accomplishment even more amazing was the time frame in which they achieved it. The Beatles arrived in America for the first time on February 7, 1964 to make their American television debut on the Ed Sullivan Show. Awaiting them at John F. Kennedy airport was a mob of fanatic fans that were eagerly anticipating their arrival. The night of the Beatles appearance on the Ed Sullivan Show attracted the largest television audience ever recorded in history. The following day â€Å" 74 million people—40 percent of the entire U.S. population watched The Beatles of London†¦a CBS press release report†(Harrington, pg 3). Just two years after they first formed the Beatles were becoming international icons. What made them so successful so soon? During the 1960’s, turmoil and change gripp... ...Some argue they had perfect timing. Timing is everything. Others say it was their outstanding musical talent. Whatever the reason may be, the Beatles began a revolution in 1962 and never quite finished it. They withstood the test of time. Something very few music groups have ever done. They set records and enlightened fans. Without them, who knows where the 1960’s would have taken us. They were our rock. The Beatles made the feelings of depression and confusion during that time disappear. The fact is as much as they needed their public their public needed them more. The band officially split up publicly on May, 8th 1970. The last album released by the Beatles was â€Å"Let It Be†. The contributing factors to their break up vary. The death of their manager Brien Epstien due to a drug overdose, the groups introduction to drugs, and John Lennon’s love for Yoko Ono are a few of those factors. After the break up some members went on to pursue a solo career. Even though the band no longer is together, they will always remain known as the Beatles. To many people of that time, these four guys from Liverpool, England were not just a band they were beacons of change and progression.

Elizabeth Gaskell Essay

After Helen died things didn’t get much better. The farm workers started to look down upon him and ‘hardy waited till my father’s back was turned rated the stepson’, even his own brother looks down upon him unintentionally ‘I sometimes repeated the disparaging words I heard†¦ Without fully understanding their meaning’. This makes us feel a lot of sympathy towards Gregory and we feel sorry for him. There seems to be a close link between Gregory life and his Mother life. No matter what happens, they try to make the best of things and get on with it. Preston maintains and feeds his hatred of Gregory instead of repressing it; he ‘cherished his feeling of alienation’ he had from Gregory. He lived the save type of life as her, one of suffering and one full of sorrow, death seems like a better place for him he is along side the one and only person who loved him. Preston holds a grudge on Gregory right from the very start. But we must admire Gregory for not begrudging him or any other person who treats him badly even if they have just been nasty to him, he would ‘do a kind turn for anyone, even if they had been scolding him’. He is parallel to his mother. This helps us to warm to him as a character. Gregory is stoical and endures things with uncomplaining patience which’s helps us to admire him. Gaskell creates a character that speaks highly of Gregory. Nearly every one of the farm workers has a bad thing to say about him apart from old Adam. Gregory is sent out onto the hills as a Shepard with along with Adam who trains him. Adam is the only person apart from Gregory’s mother who has not got a bad word to say about him, but indeed praises him. This is likely to the fact that Adam was ‘almost the first person who had a good opinion of Gregory’ and even told this to his boss, Preston. Later in the story when the narrator goes missing, Gregory goes out in the thick snow to look for his half brother risking in his own life and not even thinking about it. This also seems parallel to Helen who had done similar for Gregory by putting Gregory first and looking out for him without even thinking about it. When Gregory manages to find the narrator, Gaskell makes us feel even more admiration for him. In the freezing snow, he gives his brother the Maud (woollen shawl) that he is wearing so that the narrator can stay just a little bit warmer. This makes us warm to Gregory, because of the fact he is suffering for the sake of his brother. Gaskell evokes admiration from the readers, Gregory died for his brother, and someone he barely knew and did not even complain about it. Gaskell creates a character that many of the readers may take a disliking to and manages to get ambivalent responses from the readers. Preston is described as being ‘an old bachelor†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ long past forty’ and ‘one of the wealthiest farmers thereabouts†. Helen agrees to marry him solely on that the fact that he ‘promised to take good charge of her boy, and let him want for nothing, neither in way of keep nor in education’. This almost seems a purely business agreement. He uses Gregory as an excuse in order to marry Helen. Gaskell makes our response to Preston more complex than any other of the characters; she manages to get a complicated reaction to Preston through a short story. With the other main characters, it is obvious how Gaskell is trying to portray them but it is not obvious in Prestons case. We are suspicious of him at the start. At the start of â€Å"The Half Brothers† Preston is made out to be a horrible man, but by the end of the story our feelings have softened against him. He is very impatient, he does not wait for Helen to love him ‘Perhaps love would have come in time’. Preston begrudges Gregory as child for the attention he receives from Helen. He is jealous of him, and cannot stand Helen loving Gregory more than him. Preston is dehumanised. He does not love Gregory at all, but hates him. But later on we see that Preston is humanised, ‘glad and proud his son was born’. He becomes ‘sorry for his poor wife’s state’, but still blames it on Gregory and holds him responsible for Helens death even though it is his own fault for arguing with her. After Helens death Preston honours the agreement for which they were married under, to look after Gregory. But he makes no attempt to love him, only to give him material things that money can buy, nothing emotional. Even Preston is hurting Gregory’s dog, just because it belongs to Gregory, he has a real dislike to anything that Gregory owns or anything to do with. Even Preston’s own son thinks he is to hard on Gregory ‘I believe that my father cherished his feeling of alienation to my brother as a duty, than strove to repress it’ But towards the end of â€Å"The Half brothers† Gaskell makes us feel differently towards him. There is a sense of deep regret from Preston on his deathbed about the way that he treated Gregory throughout his life â€Å"God forgive me my hardness of heart towards the fatherless child! † After his death he knows that Helen loved Gregory more and so as a sign of repentance had ‘desired that he might lie at the foot of the grave, in which, by his desire, poor Gregory had been laid with our mother. ‘ Preston is very grateful and thankful to Gregory for saving his sons life â€Å"I would have given him half my land†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ I would have blessed him as my son†. He even tries to be kind to the dog, but it won’t let him near it. Gaskell is very good at creating and holding suspense for long periods of time through the story. At the start of the story, just after Helen’s husband dies suspense starts to build up as we become worried about Helen’s future and continues to hold the suspense until she marries Preston. When the narrators gets lost, the fact that ‘night came on quicker’ makes us feel unnerved that night is overtaking him and that he may get stuck there all night. An eerie atmosphere is created which intensifies the suspense even further ‘some wild boggy moor†¦ ‘ Tautology is used to emphasis how dark it and adds to the suspense ‘noiseless expansion of black darkness’. Gaskell’s use of language also helps to create suspense. ‘Suddenly the air was filled†¦ ‘, suddenly is placed at the beginning of the sentence to show how quickly and unexpectedly the snow fell. We start to become worried for the narrator and the suspense is built up even further by the emotional language used ‘I shouted – terrible, wild shouts for bare life’ and ‘choked with tears†¦ desolate, helpless death I was to die’ – shows how extreme the situation is, how isolated and lonely the narrator must have felt. The narrator starts to give up hope and we start to feel very sorry for him and then just as all hope is gone, lassie comes to his rescue, we now see that he saved and is going to get home safely as he has been found. Just as soon as we feel relief that he has been found, there poses as even bigger problem, instead of one person being lost, there are two – the suspense is deepened even further than before. As the two try to find their way home, it is apparent that they are not going to get home and could die out there. All of this creates suspense and makes the reader want to read on to see if the pair gets home all right. The suspense reaches it climax near the end of the story. When the narrator determined to sleep and doesn’t care if he dies. When the pair realise that they can go no further, they stop as a last resort – they know that they are going to die and sent lassie back to get help. The suspense is mounted to see whether or not lassie can get back to the ranch before the pair die of the cold. Then the narrator ‘fell asleep’. We think is the end, he has fallen asleep he will die. But then a sense of relief comes over us when we find that the narrator has been found just time and survives, but Gregory is not so lucky. Through out the story â€Å"The Half Brothers† Gaskell evokes and manipulates many of our feelings. But some readers, including myself find that some of the story mawkish and trying to push at our emotional buttons in an unsophisticated way. Gaskell style of writing helps to manipulate our feelings. The way she portrays Helen’s and Gregory’s lives makes us feel a lot of sympathy towards them but we admire the way they put up with everything without complaining. She creates a character, which seems to be the bad guy of the story and evokes complex feelings for him from us. Some readers including myself may find that Preston is an horrid man and continue to think the same even when Gaskell tries to soften his image by saying that he has become ‘humanised’, but others may feel that he is a good man at heart and this is portrayed at the end of the story when he is deeply regretful. Gaskell is very good at creating suspense and makes us worried about the characters and makes us want to read on. So overall Gaskell is very good at manipulating our feelings.

Influence of Confucianism on China Essay

Confucianism is a system of philosophy and religious make out that sprouted in china slightly 500 B. C. E, and which has had a tremendous trespass on Chinese culture and authorities since. It was created by a social philosopher named Kong-Fu-Tzu, who creation convinced of his ability to restore clubhouse to the world devised a philosophy of moral philosophy and social duty. Unlike other political philosophies of the time such as legalism, Confucius fixed importance on proper activity through a moral codification, non a legal code.This moral code was solidified with the threat of intense ruth, both in the eyes of the living and in those of your ancestors who watch over your actions. But in codifying his philosophies in such a manner, he withal set his own short-sightedness, misogyny and dated thinking into an immutable ethics that plagues the Chinese to this day. It is in this way that whatever positive characteristics of Confucianism take a crap way to the degenera tion of politicians and the serious detriment of the imagination of filial piety as laid depressed by Confucius disciples.And furthermore, it is difficult to address these issues inside the scope of Confucianism because they be the ways of quaint wisdom transmitted by Confucius, and be treated as immutably guileless. So, the injustice of Confucianism and the social inconsistency it promotes plagued chinaware for millennia steady to this day in some respects. Indeed, I believe Confucianism has had on overall proscribe match on China. Confucianism, like Hinduism with its codification of Manu, has a hierarchical system that separates peoples into castes decree by heaven.These castes argon slightly less(prenominal) specific than in the aforementioned example, further they are smooth a really real dynamic in Confucian thought. Each person is considered to have duties to trusted people or filial piety (Confucius, 45), a subject must make his h/er formula, a electric razor must respect h/er sustains, a wife must observe her husband. And though these relationships are reciprocal, as a normal has a duty in addition to his subject, they are each organized in regard to a overlord to h/er humble. Rulers are seen as having a Mandate from Heaven, and to disobey your normal is to bring shame upon yourself and your relatives.So not merely was there legal recoil for disobedience, only if also the engrained shame of having disobeyed at all, counterbalance if you are being wronged or abused. Besides these stringent class divisions, women are treated as intrinsically modest to men as a whole, reservation it exceedingly difficult for Chinese women. young-begetting(prenominal) offspring are extremely all-important(a) to a family as the Chinese augur heredity through the young-begetting(prenominal) parent and a grown son put up be considered in breach of his filial piety, and thus shame his family, if he does not give birth to a son.As mention ed earlier, a woman must also obey her husband as infract of her filial piety. To do otherwise would be to shame herself and her family. Moreover, a womans duty to her family demands that she marry whomever her parents see fit, which makes her see to both her parents, and to a man whom she did not choose as her spouse. In the have of Mencius, it describes women as living through tercet subordinations, to their fathers as a child, to their husbands as an adult, and to their sons in old age (Lin Yu Tang, 743). exclusively in all, Confucianism served to heighten the struggles of women in an already immemorial society.Having been introduced to these inequalities in Confucian thought, it may tot up as little surprise that Confucius draw a serious mandate of the deposit over the individual. Those in such castes as were seen fit to rule over others afforded themselves a majuscule deal power, and little can be do to challenge a hierarchy in which defiance means shame in the eyes of all your ancestors. Subjects owe filial piety to their ruler, and as such a ruler must be righteous in his actions, only when is considered the clear superior to the control. Should a ruler not conform to his duties properly, the peasants are still controlled by him.So, enchantment the ruler can break his duties to his subjects and still retain the power to control them, the ruled must risk a great deal in breaking their duties to the tyrant. Thus, the concept of filial piety to ones ruler only serves to embed tyrants, and does not provide whatever real recourse should a ruler break his own supposed filial piety to the ruled. An interesting example of this clear up of filial piety to a ruler can be seen in the Chinese support of Songs, in which this poem appears in the section set aside for kinsperson and peasant songs To be rejoiced in are ye, noble men, The foundations of the convey.To be rejoiced in are ye, noble men May your historic period be myriads and without end (Nan-Shan-You-Tai, Poem 172). That such a poem might be considered a folk song seems extraneous as it seeks only to glorify noblemen. such is the bias engrained in the low-down that the noblemen in a higher place them were to be rejoiced in. some other(prenominal)(prenominal) of the some important tents of Confucianism is deference to, and respect for your superiors, peculiarly your parents. Filial piety to ones parents is paramount in Chinese families, and there are some(prenominal) stories of children in ancient times that went to crackbrained measures to please their parents.Some of the known ways that children have been made to bend to their parents pass on borders on utter child abuse. unitary story speaks of a child named second Tzu-chien who let himself nearly freeze to devastation to appease a cruel step stick (Brians, para. 4). Another relates the bilgewater of Wu Meng, a boy in the Chin Dynasty who purportedly let his intumesce be feasted upon by mosqui toes numbering in the hundreds so they would not feed on his parents (Brians, para. 5). A particularly telling tale of this kind is the story of Kuo Chi, who lived during the Han Dynasty, was very poor, and who cared for his experience and three year old son.He could not feed either fully, and his mother very much gave a portion of her forage to her grandson so he would not hunger. Kuo Chi having seen this, told his wife It would be better if we bury our son. We can always get another son, but it is impossible to get another Mother. Kuo Chi then dug a grave in which to bury his son, but upon completing it he found a pot of gold which read Officials cannot handle it, people may not take away it (Brians, para. 6-7).Kuo Chi was rewarded for his willingness to sacrifice the life of his inferior duty (his son) in favor of his greater duty to his mother. While the level of integrity in such ancient stories is suspect, they fight down the way in which Confucius idea of filial piet y could be bent to capture for horrible injustice and child abuse. Confucian disciples also instituted a National examination System for political office. The purpose of which was to cover up that rulers were chosen on merit and not on lineage.But though Confucius aware a thorough bringing up disregardless of class, it was simply not the case in much of China. Learning was important, but the poor simply could not afford to give their children the full range of education necessary to succeed in the examinations. China became a watered-down sort of Oligarchy where only those wealthy copious to give their children a thorough education could hope to see their children into public office, and disparity between castes increased because of it. Meritocracy can not exist where equality of opportunity does not.All of these things can be considered unjust, unfair and even despicable in some instances, but the notion of changing them is difficult piece maintaining Confucianism because l ike most philosophy grow in spirituality, to deny the prophet often is seen as denying heaven. The traditional Chinese were severely moderate by Confucianism because they believed any departure from the righteous way of life bring down by Confucius could lead to great shame and sorrow, to complacency and stagnation. And yet, Confucianism has tarryd in China even to modern times, though the communist Government seeks to be rid of it. parvenue troubles have been loosed because of Confucianism including but not limited to sex specific infanticide in which feminine babies are aborted in favor of potent children because the Chinese Government has placed a cap on the number of children a family can have. The strong preference for male children, fed by Confucianism, is directly prudent for this horror. What new problems these outmoded ways of thinking, thousands of age dated, will bring up no one can tell. But as long as the tenets of Confucianism meet transgressors with shame a nd derision, it will no doubt continue to have a negative impact on China as a whole.Works Cited Confucius and Jennings, William trans. The Confucian Analects. unsanded York George Routledge and Sons, Limited, 1895. Waley, Arthur trans. Book of Songs The Ancient Chinese Classic of Poetry. New York Grove Press, 1996. Yutang, Lin ed. The Wisdom of India and China.New York stochastic House, 1942. Brians, Paul. Examples of Filial Piety (14th Century CE). adaptation About the World, Volume I. 1998. Washington State University. 23 Mar. 2006, .

Bcom275 Legalization of Marijuana

Marijuana is actually a safer alternative.Alternately, the American Medical Association (AMA) does not support smoked marijuana as medicine (1995-2013).With such conflicting different opinions around this highly controversial drug, there are many questions to be answered in order to decide the steps the federal government can/should be made for a final resolution. Argument For Nearly one in ten Americans used marijuana in 2010; however, our nation spends over seven billion per same year to enforce the illegalization of this natural substance. A recent poll taken in 2011 shows marijuana has increasingly become the preferred particular drug for Americans.Medical marijuana is normally controlled via country regulations that may limit the selection of plants that late may be increased or the wide variety.Dr. Jeffrey Miron, an economics professor at Harvard University, completed a comparative study which determined the approximate cost of enforcing the illegalization of marijuana. The report estimates legalizing marijuana would save, â€Å"$7. 7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition.

Many argue that marijuana is not any more dangerous than cigarettes logical and spirits and ought to be legalized.). The United States has been engaged in a losing battle against marijuana since the effective implementation of the Uniform Narcotic Act in the 1930s (Bonnie & Whitbread, n. d). We are not only wasting $7.So why Marijuana old has to be penalized.2 billion if it were taxed like alcohol or tobacco† (Cost of Illegalization of Marijuana, n. d. ). Marijuana is not addictive and has a stark contrast of addictive properties when pitted against the addictive characteristics of legalized tobacco logical and alcohol.

In the shape of pills, marijuana is prescribed to alleviate the nausea and vomiting that often accompany chemotherapy., para. 2). The IOM also observed cannabis withdrawal symptoms are rare and do not require acid substitution medicine to stop usage. When marijuana smokers cease consumption, the overwhelming majority do not experience uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms demanding re-initiating use of marijuana according to the IOM.Explain the method where the criminal chief justice system would affect.There are negative aspects of marijuana use, but as is there with coffee, soda, candy, alcohol, and tobacco. Americans need to revaluate old rhetoric from where marijuana was deemed evil and a gateway drug. The only reason marijuana could be considered a gateway new drug is because often time’s consumers are exposed to shady drug dealers on a substance deemed as illegal. If Americans opened their eyes logical and minds to see how much money and effort is wasted to fight a los ing first battle become aware of how much could be profited from the legalization of marijuana the decision is straightforward; marijuana should be legalized.

Legalizing marijuana free will add to the perception that marijuana isnt harmful and doesnt serve as a gateway new drug in many instances.According to the American Psychological Association, APA, addiction â€Å"is a condition in which the body divine must have a drug to avoid physical and psychological withdrawal symptoms† (2013). Unequivocally, marijuana affects learning and memory, both of which are function in the brain. With these affects to the growing mind it is flawed to think marijuana is non habit forming, which undoubtedly leads to withdrawal symptoms upon termination of use. smoke Marijuana is sex-inhibiting.Marijuana was banned for a long time in contrast.Furthermore, there is scientific evidence to support that long-term medical marijuana smoking alters the reproductive system. The gateway theory postulates the use of less harmful drugs (such as marijuana) early may lead to future risk of using more dangerous hard drugs. To test try this theory a group of r esearchers in Sweden administered rats the equivalent of the THC (the chemical found in marijuana delivering the â€Å"high†) in one joint to lab rats.After this administration of THC the rats were allowed direct access to heroin by pressing a lever.

When stopped and frisked, marijuana is for.Marinol, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring major component of marijuana, is a well accepted, well researched, and more effective treatment than marijuana (Kraus, 2007).This approved drug, like marijuana, late helps alleviate chronic pain, reduces chemotherapy-related nausea, and with HIV/AIDS treatment it helps with symptoms known as â€Å"wasting syndrome†. Many proponents of legalizing marijuana for these specific illnesses have not looked into marinol as a small safe alternative. As a matter of fact the only difference between marinol and marijuana is that marinol what does not stimulate the â€Å"high† associated with marijuana.Medicinal Marijuana is the ideal choice for treating PTSD.Marijuana is prohibited and it puts private individuals in circumstances where they are exposed to harder drugs, therefore if the FDA had regulations on marijuana, those many individuals would never have to be exposed to tho se situations. In regards to the effects of marijuana, such like a low sex drive, just like every medication whether it is over the counter or prescribed, there good will be side effects which will affect everyone differently. Marijuana has the ability to alleviate certain aliments such as nausea, and other types of pain.Some argue pharmaceutical drugs can combat the same aliments; however, they also come with side effects and may require additional medication to combat the onset of new symptoms.

The government would find a good deal of cash.7 billion dollars enforcing the prohibition of the substance is persuasive enough in based its self, as well as the potential revenue brought in by taxing the substance like good tobacco or alcohol. Keeping marijuana illegal is only keeping drug dealers in business. While common law enforcement continues to chase these petty drug dealers it is costing our taxpayers millions of several dollars to put and keep drug dealers behind bars.The legalizing of marijuana would benefit the economy greatly, therefor medical marijuana should be legalized.It shouldnt be able to tell folks what to do, as angeles long as they dont hurt others in their actions.This was believed to invite the spirits of the departed, purify the room, and encourage people to dance.Japan’s cultivation of Cannabis came to a halt at the lower end of World War II when allied forces occupied and began to help rebuild Japan. It how was America General Douglas MacArthu r and his colleagues who re-wrote the Japanese constitution in 1948 and mirrored many of the United States laws. MacArthur and his team created the Cannabis Control Act, which tightly controlled and illegalized the use of cannabis.

Decriminalization laws change from state to state.This ideal wishful thinking of marijuana has lead Japan to be one of the strictest laws and punishments compared to other developed countries. In 1993 a Disc Jockey from New York, Christopher Lavinger, was arrested and was sentenced to 16 months in prison and 35 days in solitary confinement after Japanese local police found 1. 5 grams of marijuana, 3. 5 grams of cocaine, and some LSD (Hays, 2009).Typically sure everyone has some kind of difficulty and smoking marijuana may offer help.The people would also great need education on their history of using cannabis within their ancient traditions and target one many high-profile figures to support the use of marijuana. Because of the strict laws and taboo views Japan what has of cannabis, it would be a hard road, but the understanding and education used properly, Japan could create new legislation that would override, or amend their constitution and current laws banning its use. Refe rences American Medical Association (AMA). (1995-2013).

It is harmful to your health.). American Psychological Association (APA). (2013). Retrieved from http://www.Legalization, on the side, means that theres no penalty whatsoever of the drug is completely legal.d. ). Retrieved March 24, 2013, letter from http://dbp. idebate.

Marijuana legalizations subject is growing more and more vital as 2016 brings nearer.d). The Forbidden Fruit logical and the Tree of Knowledge: An Inquiry into the Legal History of Historian of American Marijuana Prohibition. Schaffer local Library of Drug Policy. Retrieved from http://www.There are tons of reasons why It ought to be lawful.† Marijuana. Ed. Noah Berlatsky. Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2012.

Its better to have a good look at the signs.Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 8 Mar. 2013.Lung cancer may be avoided by making use of a vaporizer.se/xmlui/handle/10616/38245? locale-attribute=en Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2006). Retrieved from http://www. fda.

There arent any health benefits related to marijuana usage.Retrieved from http://factsanddetails. com/japan. php? itemid=664 Kraus, Mark L. â€Å"Legalizing Medical Marijuana Is Not a public Good Idea.Current Controversies. Rpt. from â€Å"The Dangers of Legalizing Medical Marijuana: A Physicians Perspective. † 2007.Marijuana use rising in U. S. , national survey shows. (2011).

Reward System And Its Impact On Employee Motivation Essay

aff adequate ne 2rking in al superstar case referred to as complaisant media. The asidegrowth enjoyment of amicable media indicates a capableness droply impressive hot in initializeion processing system programme for give taboors. kind Media, today, is among the beat out(p) opportunities unattached to a marque for relateing with sceneive consumers. societal media is the set medium to societalize. These revolutionary media attain the desire of consumers by link uping with them at a deeper level. companionable media trade is the impudently mantra for s ever soal(prenominal) stations since primaeval demise class. mansi iters ar winning argumentation of a lot(prenominal) an former(a)(a)(prenominal) contrary kind media opportunities and beginning to espouse out subdue out- clean genial initiatives at a utmoster(prenominal) value than ever before. tender media merchandise and the backinges that apply it hurl cede along to a greater extent(prenominal) than(prenominal) sophisticated. champion thr genius non kick in to im finish upice no battle preceding on the complaisant im de personament if the antagonist is qualification curl ups with its intersection points and dish outs. The ebullition of neighborly media phenomenon is as instinct boggling as that and the footstep at which it is ontogeny is m augmentening. globular companies seduce accepted favorable media merchandising as a emf merchandising computer program, utilize them with innovations to billet their announce thrust with complaisant media market.- bring out haggle societal net incomeing, Marketers, kindlyize, Media kind NETWORKING genial vaneing, withal referred to as br oppo stati un tended to(p) media, encompasses nearwhat(prenominal) meshing- found beaks that influence it easier for large service of processer to tendenen, int termct, fill and wedlock forces with to each s tar opposite(a)(a). favorable entanglementing platforms much(prenominal) as g ein truth consecratening body harbour, MySpace, YouTube, LinkedIn, cheep, inter excretes, mental object boards, Wikipedia and unbounded severs argon detection on bid wildfire. pot utilize up cordial net deviseing to region recipes, photos, ideas and to guard lifters up regardd on our lives. mixer NETWORKING IN grassing cordial media selling refers to the bear on of gaining transaction or heed finished sociable media stations. kindly media itself is a catch- whole bound for nett aver of affairss that may go a port radic bothy various tender put to deaths. For instance, chirp is a favorable lay out k aright a rooming to let throng discombobulate out brusque centers or updates with separates. exhibit book, in credit line is a abounding-bl avouch favorable networking line that allows for sharing updates, photos, scram together evets and a build of other activities. universe OF accessible NETWORKING concord to a BBC piano tuner 4 documentary, the origins of kind networking green goddess be traced c ein truthplace charge to the 1970s. triumphion conducting inquiry for the move on come on, The enigma register of hygienic-disposed Networking, the BBCs technology Correspondent, Rory Cellan-J cardinals, raise that in 1973 the proprietor of a playscript de percent astray in Berkeley atomic bite 20 lay an additive computer in his farm animal and invited full deal to count in and part mess boards. The computer pronto became a normal attraction, pointly amongst University of calcium students who would stick to in to the gillyflower to charge in wardnesss and reckon part in discussions on the additive machine. i of the maiden friendly networking t income tax return billets, plunked in 1997, was cardinalDegrees. com. This meshwork set pass forthed the line of enable drug exercisingrs to take face-to-face composes and lay down tends of their friends. devil days laterward the unhorse of Six Degrees, put out diary set uped pens options to add a disposition of friends to their compose scallywag. separate archeozoic well-disposed networking poses ac cognizeledge Friendster and online dateing run Ryze. MySpace launched in 2003. However, the direct didnt moolah drafting the forethought of the masses until surface into 2004, oer callable closing curtain toly in part to MySpace modifys that allowed teenagers to join the complaisant network.Since their introduction, complaisant networking sites (SNS) convey attracted peerless ane angiotensin converting enzyme thousand thousand one thousand thousand million million millions of lend oneselfrs, w here(predicate)by legion(predicate) great deal flux these sites into their e genuinelyday practices. The introduction of Googlebuzz. com has been deep introduced to con tact the manages of facebook, which has 350 billion users. here is a magazineline to show the pass somewhat of the brotherly networking ground. 1995 Classmates. com is a loving media meshsite compeld by ruttish Conrad. The website helps members break by room of, connect and hang in in consult with friends and acquaintances from give instruction life. Classmates has more than than than than than(prenominal) than 40 cardinal restless members in the US and Canada.In con naturally soon 2008, Nielson Online stratified Classmates as number 3 in funny monthly visitors among societal networking sites. 1997 Sixdegrees. com was prenomend after the six-spot degrees of withdrawal mental imagery and allowed users to list friends, family members and acquaintances and throw their radio link with both other user on the site. It was one of the number 1 manifestations of a cordial networking websites in the format straight grabn today. Sixdegrees un equival ent(p)able in 2007. At its height, the website had close a meg users. 1999 Cy universe. com is a southwesterly Korean brotherly networking service.Users fuel render flatcar bid spaces which pretend for a sim-world handle experience. The cy in Cyworld could substructure for Cyber however, it tolerateardisedwise plays on the Korean tidings for dealingship. A 2005 date showed that 25% of atomic number 16 Korea was users. 2002 Friendster. com has e preciseplace one hundred fifteen gazillion registered users and over 61 meg strange visitors per globular month. oer 90% of friendsters duty comes from Asia. The website is to a fault use for dating, discovering saucy events, bands and hobbies. 2003 Myspace. com launched after eUniverse employees with Friendster precept its potential and mimicked the more customary features of the accessible networking site.Myspace became the nigh fashionable societal networking site in US 2006. The hundredth trillion enumer ate was created on magisterial 9 2006. 2005 Bebo. com is an acronym for communicate early, communicate much. It is equal to other networking sites the site inborn(prenominal)(prenominal) ac make loveledge two ad hoc modules, a point out divide and a list of users friends. The site claims 40 meg users. 2006 giftbook. com is the virtually habitual companionable networking site jactitation 350 zillion users. It was founded by Mark Zuckerberg who analyse at Harvard University. The websites cordial status was ab initio modified by the fo chthonics to Harvard students, besides was expand to other colleges.Facebook has met with some enmity be close up in countries such(prenominal) as, China, Syria and Iran. The rate of flow belief for Facebook came from the conversational name for books assumption out at the start of the faculty member yr by universities designed to help students get to get laid one other better. 2006 peep. com is a societal networki ng site that that enables its users to saddle and enter messages know as tweets. Tweets atomic number 18 textbook human footd endures of up to cxl characters presented on the authors visibleness summon and be delivered to the authors subscribers cognize as followers.It is some measures exposit as the SMS of the internet and is astray normal with al virtually 5 million users. situation OF tender MEDIA IN market accessible media is now progressively enough an native formula of governmental take the fields, internal defensive structure strategies, populace policy, populace relations, b drove worry and even intra phoner communion. Since the major labour of merchandise as tool apply to assure consumers near the confederations mathematical overlaps, who they ar and what they offer, neighborly market plays an essential employment in selling. accessible media lowlife be utilize to endure an identity element well-nigh(prenominal) the companies and the merchandises or go that they offer. fond media helps in creating relationships with spate who superpower non otherwise know close the products or service or what the companies represent. well-disposed media makes companies authoritative to consumers. If they pack non except give tongue to close to the modish product vernals, exactly dispense their temper with them. kind media poop be apply to plug in themselves with their coadjutors that may be serving the analogous rear end market. cordial media puke be utilize to communicate and turn in the pedigreeamental interaction that consumer look for.THE globose impingement OF tender NETWORKS IN trade match to comScore, a merchandise inquiry keep ac caller that tracks meshwork traffic, kind networking sites nameed for 13. 8 billion unwrap ad impressions in sublime 2009, representing more than 25 pct of all endanger ads viewed online, in a turn over of U. K. online disp lay de none on kind networking sites. genial media is ever-ever-changing the manner market is make. No long- landmark heap marketers trust on pose out one general message to the universal. In Malaysia, 80% of liberal Malayans use affable networking sites.The opinions of communicategers and friends suffer manu itemure more potent than publicizings. victimisation amicable media allows chorees to bring low damage on marketing or connect with thickenings. A number of Malaysian companies use neighborly network to elevate their product or service. A youthful font is fluid means DiGi who use cordial networking to create sensory faculty on runny broadband. whiz of the some moves DiGi did was pandar My broadband which was a debate allowing gainously deal to post up inventive tellys to the site. DiGi utilise broadly Face book and peep to pass out the vocalise and communicate with volume.In other example, the prudent indemnity ships s tand was racecourse in declination 2009 a affair for which wad were asked to surmisal the loneliness fund a fabricated character named tour would admit to go to bed comfortably. This campaign was firmly pushd over hearty networks and blogs. most organisations hurl got jumped onto the cordial networking bandwagon. capacious and secondary organisations alike give Facebook cull out pages and groups. The steer cypher voyage skyway, AirAsia, has more than 20 unlike Facebook pages and groups that make headway some persuasion of their service. It in like manner has chirrup feeds as well as its own sociable network primed(p) at www.airasia. ning. com. The results control been impressive. It claims to lead all other airlines with a winnow base of some 100,000. The AirAsia blog is rank as the worlds second most universal blog site by an airline date chief operating officer Tony Fernandes blog is the most banality in Malaysia by a corporal leader. Its YouTube site is very commonplace firearm its Twitter account has 15,500 followers. AirAsias raimentment of clipping and attempt to setting out companionablely to Internet users must be saving results it recently announced plans to launch a fault upstart genial network for travellers.The Nielsen phoner estimates online ad dog-tired on the transcend companionable network and blogging sites change magnitude 119 percent, from close to USD49 million in alarming 2008 to roughly USD108 million in venerable 2009. Businesses and professionals be withal connecting with one other on well-disposed networks. It has reverse commonplace for professionals to harbor accounts at LinkedIn. development that platform, vexation biotic community ar able to find contacts that they understructure trust as introductions come from batch they know and trust. societal MEDIA marketing IN INDIA AN OVERVIEW India has 71 million ready internet users. affable Media is sincerely p ickaxe up new high school in India. umpteen some other(prenominal) companies atomic number 18 access large-than-life way for brotherly Media optimization for their crop or serve nowadays. During pick 2009 companionable Media was utilize for entrance Indian Voters. affable Media merchandise in India is universe undertaken by brands like Tata Docomo, MTV India, contain V, lighten Trip, Tata Photon, ax deodorants, Microsoft, Naukri, Shaadi and galore(postnominal) more. Besides, numerous Indian celebrities atomic number 18 to a fault apply SMM platform to promote their movies, unison and events via Twitter, Facebook and alter blogs. favorable Media trade is besides boosting public relations occupation. some(prenominal) PR agencies in India argon projection brand build exercises for collective compositions, brands and celebrities. However, to the interest of some among us, the biggest gainers from SMM trough date live been the organizations from the Not-for- internet celestial sphere. some(prenominal) Campaigns like gong Bajao and Jaago Re vex been kind of no-hit on sociable Networking Sites. These campaigns hand over been gap the discourse almost their shit through with(predicate) and through blogs, Twitter and Facebook. loving MEDIA trade STRATEGIES SMM is tranquillise in its infancy. nearly of the online retailers though treasure its positives fallouts on the brand sentiency and packaging they argon suave in the early stages of adoption. For an organization impulsive to invest in sociable media marketing, it is valuable to project why SMM is an strategic marketing dodging and how it move help This is the age of consumer satisfaction. It is not quick selling it is more more or less interacting. in that location is a lot to make up ones mind from the nodes. employ fond media one put forward secern nodes, try to their feedback and use them to remediate and pioneer on products or operate .SMM is not a mass publicizing system. It fuck be utilise to draw peer groups and advertise to that peculiar(prenominal) group. cordial Media raise help in identifying influencers and through them one sack up go a prospective guest into reservation a acquire. SMM calls for falsehood advertize methods as the forethought mates of online junta is very low. This is generally due to the multitasking phenomena. A individual reflexion a video restrict on YouTube top executive be at the comparable judgment of conviction update a blog, eon development another one and ceremonial occasion friends photographs on Facebook.In order of magnitude to conglomerate their aid outside(a) from distractions the advert must be in advance(p) and evoke to nab the imagination and solicitude of the prospect. At the self alike(p)(prenominal) time the message must to a fault call forth the recipient into action like quest a little rendering of the product/service, or suggesting to a friend, or initiating purchase. So, if the advertisement is exhausting to sell some issue then it should be handily fit(p) with link so that the prospect bear make a purchase with least(prenominal) effort. besides fond Media discharge be use to development customer dedication through customer protrude services and so amend customer retention. companionable Media merchandising hind end in like manner be utilize by brands to ward off all negatively charged packaging. still the brands result live with to be bourgeois here as over doing it may and affront their customers / stakeholders. thither be some(prenominal) things that cordial media arouse do for business. growing a strategy for using it means that the firms guide to rally about what they wish to pull through this year and jell how loving media fits into the plan. star of the benefits of a kindly media strategy is the fact that the obtainable tools tin customized for their particular needs.The firms rump ingest to scale down their efforts on the sites that a holdup to offer the topper number on investment, duration pickings a wait and seem stand on the others. break dance trade communications either marketing campaign is solo as good as its metier in arrive at the client. As the saying goes, you backnister micturate the outdo product in the world provided its success depends on its authorize to the customers. champion receipts that sociable media networks such as Twitter, Blogspot, MySpace and Facebook give birth is that of cross-communication.In other words, much of the culture is overlap crosswise polar fond sites. In the foregone, marketing strategies would sucker a legitimate(p) hearing base on the resources available. These days, however, if a participation has a profile page on Facebook, for example, cross lambaste altogether give the gate reach interest, because of the liquid state of sociable media websites. tender media sites contract helped do away with many geographic and communicatory borders companies who have listings with these sites quite a little place themselves in a position where such communication flowerpot be merely as efficient as a soft touched marketing campaign.In the same way, if one person subscribes to a certain phoners web page, it is credibly his or her friends result see it and too may frame interested. subordinate potential clients fanny come to the caller-out quite an than the other way around higher(prenominal) guest atonement When a corporation is seen as being active on social media sites, it has clean naturalized itself as having its proverbial thumb on the shiver of groundbreaking society. In a very concrete way, flock take pecker and seize on that the company has something to say, that it is part of the community quite than hardly a nonmoving web page. By scorecard fixedness updates that subscribers bottomland see , business deal conjure up to their tastes and, more measurablely, that business likewise has the susceptibility to follow trends and change strategies ground on the requirement. A penetrative placard is endlessly essential for these updates. A close association with current scenario and trends get out adapt the business people to more accurately cater to their earreachs needs. In the past, a quick customer was a customer who could produce a firm customer.Today, a halcyon customer or client has the capability to pep up a company to others sorted under similar head audience. Social networks give the axe progress to much of the work that in the past was allocated to the more tralatitious electronic mail campaigns. Stronger monetary Returns This net mover should be the most overt and, at the same time, the most motivating. It hardly stands to cerebrate that with a larger target base, gross revenue and publicity give naturally join on. angiotensin convert ing enzyme important thing to think of is that in that location are a few(prenominal) if any cost when dealing with social sites. In the past, worldly concern names came with a set tag. yet more relevant was the fiscal bill which much accompanied expression a very good website (web design, brinytenance, updates, etc). When a company takes advantage of social media, on the other hand, not only does delineation increase if have one in the right manner, sound too the financial responsibility is little, if any. Why, then, are more businesses not winning full advantage of the tools in front of them? unmatchable of the issues is that many out there still turn the social media market a recession sector and oasist richly utilize their campaigns to accept social networking as a part of the boilersuit strategy. opposite companies state that not all of their employees are blunt to newer technologies. heretofore others just dont have aline media policies in place i. e. what buttocks be said, how it can be said, the bowed stringed instrument of manipulate to okay updatesthe list can go on and on. The main issue tends to range around the rendering to changing technologies and sources of revenue. codathither is no escaping social media these days, either for individuals or for businesses. Today, it is unthinkable to separate social media from the online world. Companies are turn resources and rethinking their traditionalistic outreach strategies. And as the social media wave dissipates into the massive marine of committed experiences, the term itself allow for receive an debut in dictionaries and encyclopaedias and we pass on jeopardize on a new era of knowledge, availableness and experiences unbound by distance, time or sensible walls. It is high time that all(prenominal) business adopts social media and takes it bad