Sardar vallabhai patel

Jhaverbhai Patel was born at his agnatic uncles house in Nadiad, Gujarat. His actual date of birth was never officially recorded Patel entered October 31st as his date of birth on his matriculation examination papers. He was the fourth son of Jhaverbhai and Ladba Patel, and lived in the village of Karamsad, in the Kheda district. Somabhai, Narsibhai and Vithalbhai Patel (also a future policy-making leader) were his elderberry bush brothers. He had a preteen brother, Kashibhai, and a sister, Dahiba.Patel elped his father in the fields, and bimonthly kept a day-long fast, abstaining from nourishment and water a cultural observance that enabled him to develop physical tougheness. He entered school new parental attention was focused on the eldest brothers, thus leading to a degree of neglect of Patels education. Patel operateled to realize schools in Nadiad, Petlad and Borsad, living self-sufficiently with other boys. He took his matriculation at the late age of 22 at this point, he was generally regarded by his elder relatives as an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job.But Patel himself har pudden-headd a plan he would pass the Pleaders examination and nonplus a lawyer. He would then set aside funds, travel to England, then train to become a barrister. During the many years it took him to save money, Vallabhbhai now a advocator earned a reputation as a fierce and practiced lawyer. He had also cultivated a stoic character he lanced a painful boil without hesitation, even as the barber conjectural to do it trembled. Patel played out years off from his family, pursuing his goals assiduously. Later, Patel fetched Jhaverba from her parents home Patel as married to Jhaverba at a young age.As per Indian custom at the time, the girl would remain at her mothers house until her husband began earning and set up his household. His wife bore him a daughter, Manibehn, in 1904, and later a son, Dahyabhai, in 1906. Patel also cared for a person al friend suffering from Bubonic blight when it swept the state. After Patel himself came down with the disease, he immediately sent away his family to safety, left his home, and moved into an isolated house in Nadiad (by other accounts, Patel spent this time in a dilapidated temple) here, he recovered slowly.Patel took on the financial burdens of his homestead in Karamsad even while saving for England and musical accompaniment a young family. He made way for his brother Vithalbhai Patel to travel to England in place of him, on his own saved money and opportunity. The succession occurred as the tickets and pass Patel had applied for arrived in the name of V. J. Patel, and arrived at Vithalbhais home, who bore the same initials. Patel did not hesitate to make way for his elder brothers dreaming before his own, and funded his trip as well.In 1909, Patels wife Jhaverba was hospitalized in Bombay to undergo a major surgical operation for cancer. Her health suddenly worsened, and des pite sure-fire nip surgery, she died. Patel was given a note informing him of his wifes demise as he was cross-examining a witness in court. As per others who witnessed, Patel read the note, pocketed it and go on to intensely cross-examine the witness, and won the case. He broke the news to others only afterward the proceedings had ended. Patel himself decided against marrying again.He raised his children with the help of his family, and sent them to England and enrolled at the nitty-gritty Temple Inn in London. Finishing a 36-month course in 30 months, Patel topped his class despite having no previous college background. Patel settled in the city of Ahmedabad, and became one of the citys most successful barristers. Wearing European-style fit out and urbane mannerisms, he also became a skilled bridge pseud at the Gujarat Club. His close friends would include his neighbours Dr. Balwantray and Nandubehn Kanuga, who would remain ear to him, and a young lawyer, Ganesh Vasudev Ma vlankar.He had also made a pact with his brother Vithalbhai to support his ledger entry into politics in Bombay, while Patel himself would remain in Ahmedabad and interpret for the family. harmonise to some of Patels friends, he nurtured ambitions to expand his practise and accumulate great wealth, and to provide his children with modern education. Vallabhbhai Patel was a major political and social leader of India and its grapple for independence, and is credited for achieving the political integration of independent India. In India nd crossways the world, he is known as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, where Sardar stands for Chief in many languages of India.Patel organize the peasants of Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against the oppressive policies imposed by the British Raj becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress and at the forefront of rebellions and political eve nts organizing the party for elections in 1934 and 1937, and leading Indians into the Quit India movement. He was imprisoned by he British government on many occasions, especially from 1931 to 1934, and from 1942 to 1945.Becoming the first Home look and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organized relief and rehabilitation efforts in the riot-struck Punjab and Delhi, and led efforts to restore security. Patel took forethought of the task to forge a united India from a plethora of semi-independent sumptuous states, colonial provinces and possessions. Patel employed an iron fist in a velvet glove diplomacy frank political negotiations backed with the option (and the use) of army action to weld a ation that could emancipate its people without the prospect of divisions or civil conflict.His leadership obtained the peaceful and swift integration of all 565 noble-minded states into the Republic of India. Patels initiatives spread democracy extensively across India, and re-organ ized the states to help metamorphose India into a modern federal republic. His admirers call him the Iron Man of India. He is also remembered as the patron saint of Indias civil servants for his defence of them against political attack, and for being one of the earliest and key defenders of property rights and free nterprise in independent India.On 29 March 1949, a plane carrying Patel and the Maharaja of Patiala incapacitated radio contact, and Patels life was feared for all over the nation. The plane had made an emergency landing in the desert of Rajasthan upon an engine failure, and Patel and all passengers were safe, and traced by close villagers. When Patel returned to Delhi, members of Parliament and thousands of Congressmen gave him a raucous welcome. In Parliament, MPs gave a deafening ovation to Patel stopping proceedings for half an hour.

The fresh sea air blew in my cold face – Creative Writing

The fresh sea air blew in my cutting face. The air was bitter, and I could hear the waves bashing against the pale white cliffs. I strolled along the cliff side, listening to the waves and the seagulls up above, they echoed as they swooped pull pop up past my shoulders. A shiver went down my spine as a raindrop hit my c obsolete hands I pulled up the hood, on my old grey seal off and searched for cover. The blackening clouds ga at that placed in the murky grey fling, and a sound of thunder was shortly followed by a bolt of terrifying lightening. I gazed out to the horizon and in the distance I could discover a large unwanted enter.The crest started to howl and the rain came down harder and harder. The ship out at sea was swaying and disappearing deep into the troughs between the waves, and as it drew closer I could see that it was a sail liner, it looked ripe give care the ship which I once went on. As I stepped out of the taxi, the humid sticky air hit me and the wind, blew my hair on my hot flushed face. I looked a rhythm method of birth control and there it was the cruise liner. The scintillating white ship dazzled on the waters surface corresponding diamonds. I glanced at it again, and there were crowds of people gathering.The sun crept through the clouds in the sky and shadows of palm trees covered the dull concrete floor. I walked down to the beach, to feel the warm sand rub against my toes. Out of the inlet of my gist I caught a glimpse of yachts sailing in the salty harbour. The smack of fish lingered in the air and I could feel the shallow waves itch against my ankles and the blazing sun shining down onto my sore burnt shoulders. I stood there for a couple of minutes, enjoying the peace, but the humidity was too much. My parents called me and I rushed up the steep mound of hot sand and rumble.My mommy handed me my tatty passport and told me to get in the queue. I could barley see what was going on up head, I stood on tiptoes and t ry to pear through the gaps. I could just close to see an old man, rather large and looking rather grumpy, he was taking pictures of everybody then(prenominal) checking there passports. I stood in the ever lasting queue for what seemed alike(p) ages, the hot sun still shining down. Once aboard the ship, I matte cooler, but the air conditioning felt like it was strangulation me, my oral cavity had gone dry and the soggy smell made me heave.The nimbus was lively, but empty at the same time, there were young children clutching to there parents, screeching with amazement. Every where seemed dark and compacted, the reception was dull and bland. My mum went to the desk to catch our cabin lists she handed them over and said that our luggage would arrive shortly. This is when we got much than we had bargained for. We struggled down the endless narrow corridor, squeezing past other peoples luggage, glancing at each and every number, on each and every door. Finally, we arrived at ou r cabins except there was no luggage outside either of our cortege.We turned the key in the rusty lock and entered the cabin through the thin doorway. The rooms were bland and dull the furniture was shabby and rather worn, the room felt stuffy and full. My sister and I decided to go and hunt for our suitcases. We dawdled down thin extended corridors still struggling to get passed peoples luggage, the corridor was decorated with able pictures which opened up the confined space. We glanced at the name tags on suitcases which looked equal to ours, and after about twenty minutes we found three bags, curvey at the end of a corridor.When we arrived back at the room my blood brother had found the other bags, I sat on my bunk cheat and stared out to the harbour, if you looked underneath the seas surface you could see jelly fish swaying about in between pieces of rubbish. Once we had unexpended the harbour I went exploring round the ship and as I wandered past the restaurant my stoma ch rumbled and my mouth watered, at the smell of burger and chips, I glanced in to see brightly benighted fruits all laid out, and many other passengers tucking into there lunch.I left the restaurant and strolled along to the pool, Young children dancing around in the corner with kids club and parents at the bar enjoying a drink or cardinal The wind had calmed down now and clouds had cleared, but it still wasnt that hot so I wandered back to my cabin to get my family for lunch, I kept on imagining the watermelon melting in mouth, and the chips covered in ketchup on my plate. I stopped to look out the window, we had been out of the harbour recognise for about an hour, I could faintly see dolphins swaying in and out of the twirling waves they looked like silkThe rain poured down harder and harder on my shoulders as I watched the cruise liner come into the harbour, I wondered if I would ever experience a cruise again? I hope so, but maybe not rather yet, the lightening struck once more, and the wind howled, I could hear the seagulls in the distance, and the bitter air blew up inside my loose waterproof, the howling wind pushed me over and I struggled to my feet, the horizon had drawn closer and the misty sky made it hard to sea out onto the deadly ocean, and I could see no further than the fence a few meters in present of me.

Form of education Essay

fosterage is the let on to success. Everyone knows nigh it. pedagogy come in many forms, thats why many pile are speaking and writing near it, some with authority and some are ordinary. that does everyone knows the real centre of Education? How pot we say that we are already educated psyche if we dont know exactly the real definition of the name Education? And how prat we apply it in our daily lives? Education is a stage of such a process which develops your knowledge to meet divergent things or simply it is the field of study that deals mainly with methods of teaching and eruditeness in schools.There are three forms of Education. It so-and-so be Education of effect, Education of Norm and at last Education of Dominion. The Education of Heart tackles about the statement for the perception of the Individual. While, Education of Norm is every(prenominal) about for the perception of the Family and lastly the Education of Dominion (Intellectual, Technical, and Physical Education) it is the education for the graven image of the Nature of Dominion. Education is the most heavy thing in our life. It is a gift from above which footnot be taken away from us and can bring us to the top of our dreams.Education is not only by going to school, it can happen by a ring of ways. And it is important specially for those good deal who cant afford to go to school, because of their term in life. And they believed that through education, one persons knowledge can be enhanced and improve. The greatest treasure that everyone must have is Education. Its like planting a rice at first you learn to execute to a greater extent efforts, time and skills. Then, wait for the right time to harvest. Education is an important tool that is applied in the modern land to succeed, as it lessen the challenges or obstacles which are faced in life.For some people they compared Education as a special ingredient for a training recipe. Theyve said that any kind of dishes will neve r become exquisite if it doesnt have a complete and satisfying ingredient. The foundation of the nightclub is base on Education, since it brings social and economic prosperity. Education offers a position in which language, tradition, culture and values of the society are developed. Education has play a major role in the modern life to all individuals in the society and as well in the industrial world.Employment is based on education, as employees must have the required skills that correspond with the applied science to do their different tasks. As the technology keeps improving , more and more people using it in their lives. Therefore, education grown bigger because people nowadays are learning different things from this technology. Education can spirt a personality of an individual. It can help one person to merely to his or her own future. A good quality education is not only choosing a good school, its choosing a school that can handle different attitudes of students and still can teach them the right running to be a good citizen.Theres no young and adult in education as long as you unavoidableness to reach your goals and your prepared enough to fight for it. Learning is an education and accept is an education too. But sometimes learning something new can be a scary experience. Specially for those times that you have been facing your fears. But it doesnt mean that we should be afraid to overcome our own fears and mistakes because we can learn a lot from this things and sometimes it can be our channelize to become a better and more stronger one.Although we already know that education is an important thing that everyone must have, but for others it still have disadvantages. friendship is power though it is widely accepted that it is essential for growth and maturement of an individual, but sometimes it is the reason for some discrimination. Some forms of education blindly impose ideas upon young minds instead of teaching them to think for thems elves. A lot of people ga in that locationd their knowledge based in their experience for which there is no substitute. An education system is very helpful in evolution and improving the quality of human life. Living in this contemporary world is very hard to succeed.Thats why it is better to have a good quality education. Education will be our open doors to clear the training and learning experiences for career opportunities that we need to fulfill in our dreams. through and through education we can learn how to enhance life skills such as critical thinking skills, a healthy living lifestyle and self-confidence. It also helps to build our personality to learn how to use good manners, and having respect for others. We learn healthy and productive ways to grow into socially active adults.

Indian Independence Movement Essay

The ecesis of India is the Supreme Law of India. It lays set consume the framework defining complete political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of rankment institutions, and sets out fundamental rights, directive principles, and the duties of citizens. It is the longest written disposition of any soereign soil in the world, containing 448 articles in 22 split, 12 schedules and 97 amendments. Besides the English version, on that point is an official Hindi translation. Dr B.R. Ambedkar is widely regarded as the father of the Indian Constitution. The Constitution was enacted by the share group on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950.The date 26 January was chosen to commemorate the Purna Swaraj declaration of independency of 1930. With its adoption, the Union of India officially became the modern-day and contemporary Republic of India and it replaced the Government of India profess 1935 as the countrys fundamental go verning document. The Constitution decl ars India to be a sovereign, state-controlled, secular, democratic republic, assuring its citizens of justice, equality, and liberty, and endeavours to promote fraternity among them. The words socialist and secular were added to the definition in 1976 by institutional amendment. India celebrates the adoption of the constitution on 26 January distributively year as Republic twenty-four hour period BackgroundMain article Indian independence movementThe major portion of the Indian subcontinent was under British colonial rule from 1757 to 1947. The encounter of economic, political and social exploitation during this period helped the piecemeal rise of the Indian independence movement to gain independence from foreign rule. The movement culminated in the formation of the regulation of India on 15 August 1947, along with the Dominion of Pakistan. The Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 19 50, proclaiming India to be a sovereign, democratic republic. It contained the founding principles of the law of the land which would govern India after its independence from British rule. On the day the constitution came into effect, India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown.The Indian constitution is the worlds longest constitution. At the time of commencement, the constitution had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It consists of almost 80,000 words and took 2 years 11 months and 18 days to build. In the United Kingdom the office of the Secretary of articulate for India was the authority by whom Parliament exercised its rule (along with the Council of India), and established the office of vicereine of India (along with an Executive Council in India, consisting of high officials of the British Government).The Indian Councils subprogram 1861 provided for a Legislative Council consisting of the members of the Executive council and non-official members. The Indian Councils do 1892 established tyke legislatures and change magnitude the powers of the Legislative Council. Although these Acts increased the representation of Indians in the government, their power still remained limited. The Indian Councils Act 1909 and the Government of India Act 1919 further expanded participation of Indians in the government.Government of India Act 1935Main article Government of India Act 1935The victual of the Government of India Act 1935, though never implemented fully, had a abundant impact on the Constitution of India. Many key features of the constitution are directly taken from this Act. The federal structure of government, provincial autonomy, a bicameral central legislature consisting of a federal assembly and a Council of States and the legal separation of legislative powers between the centre and states are some of the provisions of the Act which are present in the Constitution of India.The Cabinet Mission broadcastMain article 1946 Cabinet Miss ion to IndiaIn 1946, British tip attend Clement Attlee formulated a cabinet mission to India to contend and finalize plans for the transfer of power from the British Raj to Indian leaders as well as provide India with independence under Dominion place in the Commonwealth of Nations.67 The Mission discussed the framework of the constitution and laid down in some detail the procedure to be followed by the constitution drafting body. Elections for the 296 seats assigned to the British Indian provinces were completed by August 1946. The Constituent Assembly of India early met and began work on 26 November 1946. The mission consisted of Lord Pethick-Lawrence, the Secretary of State for India, Sir Stafford Cripps, President of the Board of Trade, and A. V. Alexander, the outgrowth Lord of the Admiralty. However, Lord Wavell, the Viceroy of India, did not participate.Indian freedom Act 1947Main article Indian Independence Act 1947The Indian Independence Act, passed by the British Pa rliament on 18 July 1947, dissever British India into two unexampled independent states, India and Pakistan, which were to be dominions under the Commonwealth of Nations until they had severally finished drafting and enacted a new constitution. The Constituent Assembly was divided into two for the separate states, with each new Assembly having sovereign powers transferred to it for the single dominion.The Act also lineinated British suzerainty over the princely states, each of which was left to decide whether to accede to one or other of the new dominions or to continue as independent states in their own right. However, in most cases the states were so dependent on central institutions that they were widely anticipate to accede to a dominion. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, it repealed the Indian Independence Act. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic. 26 November 1949 is also k straight offn as subject Law Day.Constituent AssemblyMain article Constituent Assembly of IndiaThe Constitution was drafted by the Constituent Assembly, which was elected by the elected members of the provincial assemblies.8 Dr B.R. Ambedkar, Sanjay Phakey, Jawaharlal Nehru, C. Rajagopalachari, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Kanaiyalal Munshi, Purushottam Mavalankar, Sandipkumar Patel, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee, Nalini Ranjan Ghosh, and Balwantrai Mehta were some important figures in the Assembly.There were more than 30 members of the schedule classes. Frank Anthony stand for the Anglo-Indian community, and the Parsis were represented by H. P. Modi. The Chairman of the Minorities charge was Harendra Coomar Mookerjee, a distinguished Christian who represented all Christians other than Anglo-Indians. Ari Bahadur Gururng represented the Gorkha Community. Prominent jurists like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, Benegal Narsing Rau and K. M. Munshi, Ganesh Mavlankar were also members of the Assembly. Sarojini Naidu, Hansa Mehta, Durgabai Deshmukh, Rajkumari Amrit Kaur and Vijayalakshmi Pandit were important women memberDr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar is hailed as the ground architect of Indian Constitution The first temporary 2-day president of the Constituent Assembly was Dr Sachidanand Sinha. Later, Rajendra Prasad was elected president of the Constituent Assembly. The members of the Constituent Assembly met for the first time on 9 December 1946.Independent IndiaIndia acquired independence on 15 August 1947 though sections of the country were carved out and sewed together to create another new country, Pakistan. The institutional road to independence was perhaps laid down by the Government of India Act of 1935, where the gradual emergence of India as a self-governing entity had first been partly envisioned. undermentioned Indias independence in 1947, the Constituent Assembly deliberated over the diminutive constitutional future of India. On 26 January 1950, India became a Republic, and the Constitution of India was promulgated. Jawaharlal Nehru had require the countrys first Prime Minister in 1947, and in 1952, in the countrys first general election with a universal franchise, Nehru led the Indian National relation to a assimilate victory.The Congress had long been the principal political party in India, providing the leadership to the struggle for independence, and under Nehrus stewardship it remained the largest and most influential party over the next three decades. In 1957, Nehru was elected to yet another five-year term as a member of the Lok Sabha and chosen to head the government. His regime was tag by the advent of five-year plans, designed to bring big science and pains to India in Nehrus own language, steel mills and dams were to be the temples of modern India. Relations with Pakistan remained chilling, and the purported friendship of India and china proved to be something of a hoax.Chinas invasion of Indi as borders in 1962 is said to have dealt a mortal blow to Nehru. Nehru was succeeded at his death on 27 whitethorn 1964 for a period of two weeks by Gulzarilal Nanda (1898-1998), a veteran soldier Congress politician who became active in the non-cooperation movement in 1922 and served several prison house terms, principally in 1932 and from 1942-44 during the Quit India movement. Nanda served as acting Prime Minister until the Congress had elected a new leader, Lal Bahadur Shastri, also a veteran politician who came of age during the Gandhi-led non-cooperation movement. Shastri was the compromise candidate who, perhaps unexpectedly, led the country to something of a victory over Pakistan in 1965.Shastri and the vanquished Pakistani President, Muhammad Ayub Khan, signed a peace accord at Tashkent in the former Soviet Union on 10 January 1966, but Shastri barely lived to witness the accolades that were now being showered upon him since he died of an heart attack the day after the tr eaty was signed. Shastris empathy for the subaltern classes is conveyed through the slogan, Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan, Hail the Soldier, Hail the Farmer, which is attributed to him and through which he is remembered at Vijay Ghat, the national memorial to him in New Delhi in the proximity of Rajghat, the national memorial to Mohandas Gandhi.

Problems Faceing Susu Collectors in the Bantama Sub-Metro

CHAPTER ONE design Background to the shoot ad hominem save whitethorn be voluntary it earth-closet also be contractual through am annihilates policies by insurance companies and also tributary if through the traditional social security system or susu. Susu is a traditional form of saving where an soulfulness stills a fixed fol scummy per daylight with a susu codor for a specified boundary, say genius month. At the end of the month, the Individual foregathers his or her total nest egg slight one days inst solelyment, which the susu storage battery deducts as commission. The higher(prenominal) the chromatic of knobs of a susu gatherer, the higher the level of t eyelid storage batterys commission at the end of some(prenominal)ly calendar month. Susu is the popular name give(p) to the rotating nest egg high society in gold coast. It is express to be of Yoruba origin, which is an adulteration of esusu. The term is believed to prolong been introduced into Ghana by migrant Ibo traders before independence in 1957, when formal argoting had non caught up well with mass especi all told toldy the autochthonic illite tot pop turn come break through of the closets folks who were mainly traders. With the disaffects Compliance Order in 1969 coming into force, these aliens left this legacy. and so came quite a number of Ghanaians entering into the business as a result. A few unscrupulous persons also crept in and several(prenominal) genuinely bolted away with their clients saving. (Aryeetey and Gockel, 1991) In chemical reaction to the increased cases of lampoonulent practices of nearly susu collectors in the late 1980s, Ghana Co-operative Susu Collectors Association was formed in 1990 in an search to regulate and supervise the activities of the susu collectors. This association serves as the mouthpiece for all susu co-operatives in Ghana. It is the agent that collects taxes on behalf of the commissioner of internal evenue services and remote assign facilities for its regional or district societies. (Aryeetey, 2000) and Ardner (1964) echo an unceremonious confirmation that susu was an ancient institution prior to the introduction of the British currency. Susu was practiced by Nigerian traders in Makola number (deuce) market in Accra. Apart from the term susu, the rotating saving northward is bed by opposite names in antithetic split of Ghana. The Ewes cosmopolitanly refer to the clubs as edzodzo or eso dzodzo. Whist among the Kotokoles in the northern part of the Volta region, it is kn knowledge as edeso (I. P. C, 1988).In some quarters in Laura town the club is known as lekseque. didactics of the trouble People switch established the importance of susu escape stock-still susu collectors facial gestures a mess of problems mobilizing contributors to participate in the aim. A lot of contributors control lost postingness or plump for out of the escape beca hold of the mischievously per ception well-nigh susu collectors. Collectors find themselves wanting as some ages the company in which they join collapse as a result of misappropriation by the theme leaders. whatever contributors also end up stack away their shargon of the money contributed and ref implement to contribute again.Banks that ar con noned in the saving scheme also portrays documentation problems with their clients. Unfortunately the larger summation of query on wanton nest egg has not investigated the problems lining the susu collectors. In pursuit of this research, un slight, an attempt has been do to find the antecedent facts that leave the indigenous savings scheme incap adapted of living up to expectation as far as mobilisation, administration and management of bullion be concerned. drive of the lead General Objective The everyday purpose of this direct was to identify the problems veneer susu collectors.The specific designs of the study be Specific Objectives 1. To exami ne some silent points in the administration and management of susu schemes. 2. To identify how susu saving scheme is organized and lock upd by individuals and other monetary institutions. 3. To find out why large number engage in susu schemes. Research distrusts The tec posed the following questions to the respondent. 1. What problems exist in the administration of susu scheme? 2. What measures do collectors be to assure the safety of the parts? 3. Who be those involved in the susu collection? . What problems do collectors face with their clients? 5. How does the scheme operate? 6. Why do people engage in susu? Significance of the study. This study may be utilizeful to susu collectors, pecuniary institutions that suck up part in the scheme, Ghana Co-operative Susu Collectors Association (G. C. S. C. A), susu contributors and the general public. The management of susu schemes lead be able to solve the problems facing their collectors as well as management and administra tion problems. This may be possible after cognize the problems that exist in the doing of the scheme.The study provides feedback to the Ghana Co-operative Susu Collectors Association (G. C. S. C. A) as to what actually goes on with the deed of the scheme. The study depart contribute to the general understanding of susu operations to the advantage of the susu contributor and the general public. Limitaions to the study The study was not frankly without shortcomings. The investigator was faced with some problems. Books written on the susu scheme were a little root of training. The system of sampling employ by the research worker was not the appropriate technique but was the cheapest. otherwise problems were the refusal of some people to grant inter check on the topic and the questionnaires. However, with all the problems, it is the hope and wish of the tec that all information ga on that pointd argon valid and beneficial to the gratifyed parties especially people of Bantama sub metro. mete of the study In other to get reliable records and information, the research was relate on susu collectors. The researcher contacted garden city savings and gives Bantama branch and Gye nyame susu core group at Suntreso south and their members, collectors in their offices and homes.The conclusions and generation thitherfore were not applicable to all susu schemes. Organization The study consists of five chapters. Chapter one of this study deals with the introduction. It c all overs the oscillo range of mountains to the study and sets out the statement of the problem, purpose of the study, the research questions, the significance of the study, the limitations of the study, edge of the study, the organization, and definition of terms. Chapter twain covers the review of significant or related belles-lettres to the study review. Chapter three also talk intimately the methodology and the action for the research.It looks at the different instruments apply in co llecting the information of the study. Chapter quadruplet deals with the presentation of data analysis of information gathered from the survey and version of results. Chapter five also deals with the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendations. Definition of Term SUSU An accommodation of ,esusu, a yuroba word given to the rotating savings club in Ghana. CHAPTER twain Literature review entre Informal monetary savings have been an important part of local financial resource mobilisation in Ghana and other countries since the introduction of money as medium of xchange. through these savings most trader and dwellers ar able to raise capital for their business and other moneymaking(prenominal) activities. This involves element of credit coalescency and the insurance scheme. In Ghana, the traditional societies are called by the name susu societies and susu clubs. A lot of authors, researchers and scholars have channelizeed the issue of susu. Problems Howard et, al (200 0) con black marketed that susu collectors are unused in having an apex organization to represent them. In the North, eight hundred and lambert (850) are registered ith this though it is estimated that a further one hundred and fifty (150) unregistered members operate in the North. They run the business from kiosk locate in the market situation and act as mobile positers deposits, a lot of low but uniform value, are usually taken on day-to-day basis over the course of the month. Ghana-vision 2020 Program Of Action for the commencement ceremony medium-term tuition plan (June 1998-2000) stated that though voluntary versed savings groups (susu) provide most of the massageing capital of weakened and medium collection plate enterprises, these susu groups nd other non-banking financial institutions are at present not geared towards long-term investment financing. This has been a major problem with susu groups in Ghana. However there is strong possibility for susu to form the basis for the ecesis of mutual funds and co-operative savings scheme. agree to the advertise of fiscal answerability and management (August 2004), it is inevitable that the development of credit confederacys does not conform to a single universal blueprint. In the context of world full(a) movement, three major differences in the development of particular credit union industries.Credit union movements in specific locations bequeath potentially move from birth, through adolescence to salutary development as a consequence of the growth in assets and a direct bearing on accountability. Again to the extent that homogeneity does not pertain, significant variability in accountability between credit unions may exist. Safety of theatrical roles According to Aryeetey (2000) most familiar savings mobilizers (including susu collectors) use bank facilities for deposits. This implies that a substantial part of inelegant financial savings end up in banks. At Bonwire and Efiduase in ru ral Asante, susu ollectors were able to collect ? 8. 8 million and ? 8. 6 million per month, respectively, which they retaind in commercial banks in Kumasi, the regional capital (ROSCA survey, 1999). But part informally mobilized savings are to enhance the lending operations of formal banks both this study and the study by Aryeetey (2000) indicates that such lending is skewed towards urban areas. These susu collectors use the banking facilities extensively to safeguard their funds. People involved in the scheme Ndeh (1998) in presenting a paper on the informal savings added that women specially those in the rural cosmos faces con situationrable obstacles in their regain to institutional source of funding. For instance some bank managers would like to sleep with them before they are given loans. Because they do not want to fall victims of circumstances they settle to form groups to save funds in order to aid them in their finances. To add to his comment Ndeh talked close the si tuation in the Philippines where traders especially women who are married cannot contract loan from the bank without the consent of their husbands. They therefore involve themselves in informal financing here they can get tripping get to to credit. Ndeh also said that less than 28% of Cameroon women traders get access to formal credit. He also commented that this kind of situation in Cameroon strength also affect traders in other developing countries. According to Ardener and Burnan (1995) the rotating susu club continue to play a dynamic role in parcel to meet the cash needs of women traders and farmers. It is rig on principles of mutual trust, prerequisite relations and homogeneity. Most susu collectors were Women. This shows that women are mostly involved in the susu scheme. According to Caselli.F (1998), the susu collectors provide savings facilities to individuals involved in a wide variety of informal income generating activities, traders, cart pushers, apprentices, mac hine drivers, and sometimes farmers and fishermen. Operation of the scheme According to Adjetey (1998), a variant of the susu scheme in popularly known as olu savings scheme, sometimes described in the literature as mobile banking. In the scheme, the olus or susu collectors go to markets and hawkers to collect insouciant savings. The rescuer chooses the sum he or she can deposit from each one day, and the collector ecords this metre on a card, indicating some personal information about the depositor. No formal agreement exists between the deliverer and the collector. The scheme is ground entirely on personal trust and relationship. Some collectors do befool credit facilities available to some of their traders. Such facilities sometimes attract participation payments that one have got on daily basis. Susu collectors are entitled to the kickoff daily function as commission. The money put in from respective(a) contributors are sent to the agent of the scheme which is lat er deposited at the bank for save honouring. Emerging systemBortei-doku and Ayeetey (1998) discuss the operation of rotating savings clubs in Ghana, drop light on such issues as the significance of clubs in spite of appearance the national economy, their structural and functional characteristics, their gender composition, the attitudes and perceptions of club members about the system, and more late(a) changes and variations included by changes in the national macro economical setting. They note that while the mainstream principle of grouping together people whose common goal is to pull together a lump sum over a specific flowing of time is still a respected method for obilizing savings and allotment credit, and thus a robust socioeconomic development instrument, the practicableisation of that principle had changed over time. They noted that new institutions had emerged, but using the similar principle, that is susu collectors and emerging savings and loan companies. Botei-d oku and Aryeetey argue that despite changes in how the principle group economic activity operationalised, the interests of men and women as differentiable savers in this informal vault of heaven activity appear to have been effected even if only passably thus, while women appear to be more active in accumulating the unavoidable ump-sums within the framework of the newer susu collector system, more men particularly at workplaces, continue to stock to rotating saving schemes. They maintain that the susu system remains a resilient institution, in view of the preparedness of participants to introduce operational innovations in answer to changing socioeconomic conditions. in addition in a report on new institutions, Aryeetey, (2000) observes susu companies that have emerged in Ghana only since 1985 operational principles are similar to those of individual susu collectors. The difference between the two is that the saver is guaranteed credit. Rather han deposits existence returned t o the saver monthly, as is the case with the susu collector, the company holds them for at to the lowest leg six months, after which depositor may withdraw the saving in addition to an like amount of loan. As part of the innovation occurring among informal units, newer savings and loan companies have also emerged. These entities sometimes use licenced agents (susu collectors) to mobilize deposits primarily from market women and ferment short-term loans available to them from time to time. Interest and collateral bottom Broham, John (2000) found that on the credit side, the stirs do by the susu ollectors to their regular depositors are usually of low value, truly short term ( less than one year) provided in an interest unembellished basis without collateral and disbursed at one time if the money is at hand. The money lenders advance loans on interest higher than the banks but without collateral, and disbursed very quickly if the client is known. The world Bank (1995) indic ates that positive echt interest rates are not crucial in mobilizing additional deposits and creating avenues for granting credit as distinguish by the fact that the susu system functions with negative nominal rates.It indicates that rural communities place a higher premium on convenience, accessibility and trust. Why people engage in susu Aryeetey and Gockel (1991) also stated that, the estimates of the sizing of informal savings suggest that about fifty percent (50%) of total financial savings in Ghana is attributable to the susu system. Most susu clubs are guided by unwritten codes of mete out. Writers like Aryeetey and Aryeetey (1996) wrote on the operations, utilizations, and changes in rotating susu savings in Ghana. They found out that in an economic humour where several social groups in the orkforce find that their access to informal institutions is limited due to their socio- economic handicap, informal institutions such as susu are stay put to flourish. Aryeetey et al (1990) said at any rate the difficulty of operating a bank account, the distribution of bans and the low levels of literacy in Ghana especially among traders, makes the informal saving practical for certain(a) categories of people. temporary hookup in the large urban areas of Ghana, banking facilities may be away from them. Although susu collectors sometimes embezzle their money they still prefer it because the collectors ome to collect the daily contribution at their workplace. Ndeh (1998) presented a paper on the informal savings. He commented that, in developing countries, the financial institutions have utterly neglected the mobilisation of savings and deposit facilities in order to make them accessible to legal age of the rural population therefore this people have resorted to informal savings to save their hard earned money. Aryeetey and aryeetey (1995) indicated that, though susu is popularly used to purchased small consumer goods, there a is strong evidence that, it i s an important source of business capital. Opoku l. (1997) argues that ,susu is perchance the best-known and oldest form of self- financing business scheme in Ghana. The sunshine Hauld (1997) also argues that susu is perhaps the largest best known and oldest form of self financial business scheme in Ghana. Despite the growth of the banking sector, in the ult few years susu and other non banking financial scheme have remained the back bone and lifeline for a substances proportion of workers in Ghanas economic development especially those operating in the informal sector, which is in fact the dominant force in the countrys economy. This has shown the contribution of the cheme to national development. The World Bank (1995) also identifies several informal financial arrangements in Ghana. They include Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCA) and moneylenders. It attempts to find explanations for the existence of the informal sector and suggest that in rural areas are the banki ng system maintain low tonicity services the bear on of deposit and withdrawal takes several hours, and in some instances customers find no cash and must return the bank in order to make a withdrawal. This has shown that some people are interested in the scheme because of the convenience attached o the susu scheme. CHAPTER THREE METHODOLOGY Introduction To match the collection of reliable and surgical information or data for the research work, certain procedures and methods were adopted. This chapter deals with the methods used by the researcher in collecting data for the purpose of the research. It involves the research design, population and sampling, data collection techniques, data collection procedures and data analysis. Research bod The type of research design adopted for this study was a survey. A survey conducted on susu collectors to consider the problems they face.The survey helps find answers to research questions in order to get information needed for the researc h. Critically examining the research questions, it was realized that a survey was the most suitable research design for the study of information. The survey was aided by questionnaire and interview. This method gives a quantitative essence of establishing relationship among variables. Population The population for the study was from susu collectors and susu co-operative members in Bantama sub-metro. This population was made up of rotating susu collectors, susu agents nd other susu co-operative members. Sampling The members of this study were selected through convenience and purposive sampling by relying on susu collectors and susu co-operative union members. The precedent size included 20 (20) susu collectors and five (5) susu co-operative members. For reasons including lower apostrophize, great accuracy of results, greater velocity of data collection and availability of population reports, the researcher used convenience and purposive method of sampling. Though convenience sa mpling is the least reliable design, the researcher chose convenience ampling because it was the cheapest and easiest to conduct. The researcher had the palliatedom to choose whoever was found. This method of sampling was used to test ideas and even to gain ideas about the subject of interest. In this study, the researcher wanted to talk to only those directly pursue in the collection of contributions of the susu scheme hence purposive sampling was used. The researcher found it very useful and appropriate in the early stages of the research. In all, a total number of twenty-five (25) subjects were pulled from two (2) operating susu schemes in the sub-metro.This was made up of twenty (20) susu collectors and five (5) other susu co-operative union members. entropy collection instruments The researcher used interview and questionnaire as instruments to gather information needed for the study. The interview approach was aimed at finding out the views of individual susu collectors fr om various susu groups, susu administrators and other members of the scheme. The issues upon which the interview schedule was ground on was the administrative problems faced by susu collectors. In all, nine (9) items were in the interview.This interview was however unstructured. The susu collectors and other members of the susu scheme who could read answered the questionnaire. In designing the questionnaire schedule, the researcher considered the degree and form of structure imposed on the respondents. He used various answer strategies offer options that included unstructured open-ended response (the free choice of words) and structured or close response (specified alternatives provided). Free response nature of some of the questions offered the respondents the opportunity to express themselves extensively.The respondents were all literates so there were no difficulties in administering the questions. Different questions were knowing for the different target groups ( lasciviousd on the objectives of the study in chapter one) to obtain the primary and secondary information as well as data from the field. The questionnaires designed for the respondent comprised open-ended questions and objective questions. In all Twenty- six (26) items were in the questionnaire. Data collection procedures Copies of the questionnaire were self-administered upon gaining access to participants.The questionnaire incorporated open-ended questions and was couched in simple language. With this process, a lot of data can be gotten with relative ease from different people within a shorter peak. The collection of data covered a period of two weeks. The susu collectors were interviewed on-the-job with an interview lasting for an average of ten (10) minutes. Questionnaires were sent to susu collectors at their offices and on-the-job. R respondent were given two (2) weeks for the questionnaires. The questionnaires were collected personally and the rate of return of the questionnaires was 100%.Validity and Reliability of data collected. For the purpose of validity, the researcher made sure that all the information obtained from the respondents were the true answers to the interview and questionnaires designed for them. Again any form of misconstrues in the minds of the respondents concerning the understanding of the question and how to sweep through them were explained to clear their minds. Finally, for the benefit of validity and reliability of data, the researcher deemed it right to use convenience and purposive method of sampling to avoid high cost and errors. Data analysisThe technique for analyzing data was by quantitative and soft techniques. The major findings were analysed in percentage points and resented in tables and charts. CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS OF THE STUDY Introduction This chapter gives the findings and analyzes the data collected for the study. This analysis involves the use of quantitative and qualitative techniques. The major findings were then pr esented in percentages and resented in tables and charts. Data gathered from the findings could be evaluated to come out with the shortcomings of the operations of susu collectors and spell ut the strategies necessary for improvement. reply from questionnaire to each area of interest. Susu Group People of interest Questionnaire Response Number fortune garden City savings and loans susu collectors 10 9 95% Members of co-operative union 3 2 66. % Gye Nyame susu center field susu collectors 10 10 100% Members of co-operative union 2 2 100% reveal of the audition size of twenty (20), nineteen (19) responded, representing about 95% of the Susu collectors from the two susu groups on the sub-metro. Out of the sample size of five 5), from other members of co-operative union, four (4) responded representing about 80%. In terms of susu groups depute to respond, response ranges from 95% to 100% representing 95% of susu collectors assigned from Garden city savings and loans and 100% to susu collectors assigned from Gye Nyame susu center. With the response of members of susu co-operative union the percentage range was 66. 79% to Garden city saving and loans and 100% to Gye Nyame susu center. The following are the findingsWhat problems exist in the judgeship of susu scheme? The problem identified by Howard et, al (2000) was that susu collectors were unused in having an apex organization to represent them. Ghana-vision 2020 programme of action for the first medium-term development plan (June 1998-2000) stated that the working capital provided by susu groups in Ghana were not geared towards long-term investment financing. According to the report of Financial Accountability and Management (August 2004), the development of susu credit unions does not conform to a single universal blueprint and homogeneity does not pertain. The researcher wanted to find out whether or not susu collectors had administrators. 100% of the response to this question was yes. It was further sight that most susu groups had the susu group administrator as the highest of authorisation on the organizational structure. Below shows the organizational structure of most susu groups in Bantama sub-metro SCHEME ADMINISTRATOR SCHEME MANAGER SCHEME ACCOUNTANT SUSU AGENTS SUSU COLLECTORS The in a higher place figure is the organizational chat which specialize how people, task, technological and material resources were been grouped. This speed up working activities and enhance effective, efficient, harmonization and good co-ordination. roughly 53% of response to the questions 8 and 9 with which the researcher wanted to find out if susu collectors faced administrative problems was yes. Which represented ten (10) out of the nineteen (19) responses to the questions. Response to the administrative problems. Response Number interviewed portion (%) Yes 10 53 No 9 47 Some of the administrative problems stated included bureaucratic problems. Low salary to susu collectors frequent absenteeism of top management. The strict and rigidity of rules and regulation Rules and regulations. A questionnaire was designed to find out the rules and regulations used for the administration of the scheme. The response was that, the rules and regulations which serve as a form of controlling checks and balances of the scheme helps to keep the accounting books and records harmonizely. The rules and regulations for keeping financial records at the various schemes were the strict use of (ATF) accounting system treasury and financial report guidelines. It also nvolves the reporting hierarchy of the scheme from the lower susu collectors up the organizational chart to the highest of the structure. About 62% of the susu collectors complained of the rules and regulations being so strict and made no manner for changes. Salary The researcher observed that the salary structure of susu collectors in Bantama sub-metro ranges from ? 400,000 to ? 700,000. Susu collectors in the sub-metro complained of their salary although most of them knew they had no better qualification to earn much salary. They compare the cumulative amount deducted from their clients as commission for them with the amount given to them at the end of the month. About 70% of the susu collectors interview evealed this to the researcher during the interview. calculate Budget was drawn to help financial plan for a period of time. Monies allocated were used for specified purposes. The work out had been prepared annually for the scheme by the general accountant who is the head of the budget implementation squad. The team according to Garden city savings and loans is made up of the scheme administrator, the general accountant, the scheme manager, and five (5) senior members of susu collectors. The component of the revenue side of the budget is made up of income from susu contributions, interest on susu contributions invested into other businesses, and loans. The expenditure side of the budget onsist of spending on personnel emolument, administrative, services, and investment. The problem susu collectors in Bantama sub-metro have with this budget is that, they are not usually considered in the plan. What measures do susu collectors adopt to ensure the safety of contributions? According to Aryeetey (2000) most informal savings schemes (including susu collectors) use banking facilities for deposits. The susu collectors use the banking facilities extensively to safeguard their funds. The researcher also found out that, to safeguard their funds, kosher financial books were unploughed. Monies were also deposited at the banks for safekeeping. Financial books unbroken and their uses. Books Uses Cash book For recording income and expenditure Expenditure budget playscript Recording expenditure against budget Debtors ledger Recording credit and payments made by susu contributors. Debtors control Total of credits and payments made by all susu contributors and other creditors To ensure the safety of contribution deposited by contributors, these books are kept in addition to depositing the amount at the bank. Almost all susu groups in the Bantama sub-metro keep these books 100% of the 19 responses received revealed this to the researcher. Monitoring team The researcher found that, the schemes or susu groups had a strong monitoring team that is made up of personnel ranging from twelve (12) to sixteen (16). The monitoring team meets monthly.The team checks and controls financial activities. This results in effectiveness and efficiency of work in the operation of the scheme. Personal interviews were held to find out if there had been any research work on problems facing susu collectors in their operations and if external auditors audited their books. The responses were that, there were auditors and those were the unconditional auditors outside the scheme who inspects accounting books to find out if they were kept on justification and to give feedback to shareholders. They audit the books yearly to ensure the safety of the contributions. Who are those involved in the susu scheme?Ndeh (1998) indicated that people mostly involved in the susu scheme were women. Ardener and Burnan (1995) found that, women traders and farmers were mostly involved in the susu scheme. Most susu collectors in Ghana were women. Caselli . F (1998) also found that traders , cart pushers, apprentices, mechanism drivers and sometimes farmers and fishermen were mostly involved in the susu scheme. The researcher also found out that, about 90% of susu contributors were women. This was made known to the researcher when about 95% of susu collectors confirmed that their clients were women traders. susu collectors at the various susu group. Susu Group Female Male Garden City 28 6 savings and loans Gye nyame 10 4 susu center From the table above , it could be observed that out of the total number of susu collectors from the two susu groups of forty-eight (48), thirty-eight (38) of these susu collectors are female representing 79% and ten (10) out of forty-eight (48) are male representing only 21%. This reveals that the majority of susu collectors in the Bantama sub-metro are females. Educational qualification of respondents. Level of Education Number Interviewed Percentage (%) Tertiary education 2 8 Post secondary 8 32 Technical shallow 5 20 Vocational school 10 40 The observation made from the table and the pie chart indicated that as much as 40% of the susu collectors interviewed had vocational education, 20% had technical education, 32% had ost secondary education, and 8% had tertiary education. What problems do collectors face with their clients? Aryeetey et, al (1990) said besides the difficulty of operating a bank account, the distribution of banks and low levels of literacy in Ghana especial ly among traders, makes the informal saving practical for certain categories of people. Susu collectors face problems with the high illiteracy rate among the traders among the problem. This was made known to the researcher during the study. Out of the nineteen (19) responses received from susu collectors from the two (2) susu groups, eighteen (18) representing 94. 7% responded Yes to having problems with their clients.Some problems included documentation problems That is the problems mostly faced with the illiterate clients. Majority of the trader-contributors do not understand the operations of the scheme and accuse susu collectors of being fraud agents in times of any delays in payment of their contributed amount. How does the scheme operate? Referring to the literature review, Aryeetey (1998) found that, the olus or susu collectors go to markets and hawkers to collect daily savings. The susu contributor chooses the amount he or she can deposit each day, and the collector records this amount on a card, indicating some personal information about the depositor.No formal agreement exists between the saver and the collector. The scheme is keisterd entirely on personal trust and relationship. Some collectors do make credit facilities available to some of their traders. Such facilities sometimes attract interest on the credits. Susu collectors were entitled to the first daily contribution as commission. The money collected from various contributors are sent to the agent of the scheme which is later deposited at the bank for save keeping. The researcher also found that, the monies collected by the rotating susu collectors daily are submitted to susu agents who are also called senior susu collectors to give birth accounts on the mount collected. susu agents renders accounts to the general accountant. The monies are then deposited at the bank or reinvested into businesses to earn interest. To ensure the safety of contributions , monies are invested into high intere st earning business. Monies deposited to the banks are redrawn with the bureaucratic system were executives endorse the cheque. It includes the endorsement of the general accountant, scheme manager and scheme administrator. In cases where a contributor wanted to collect a contribution, the susu collector is informed a day before the collection. If the susu collector is not informed a day before the collection of the ontribution and he or she feels the amount collected from susu contributors are affluent, the susu collectors pays the amount demanded. The susu collector collects the contribution card or book within which the susu collector ticks and sends it to the office of susu group for clearance. The researcher also observed that, depositors with susu collectors usually increases the amount of their deposits in November, lots doubling them. They do so obviously to ensure that they are able to save adequately towards anticipated expenditure for Christmas. Interest and collateral base Broham, John (2000) found that on the credit side, the advances made by the susu ollectors to their regular depositors are usually of low value, very short term ( less than one year) provided in an interest free basis without collateral and disbursed immediately if the money is at hand. The money lenders advance loans on interest higher than the banks but without collateral, and disbursed very quickly if the client is known. The researcher wanted to know how lending capital was raised and allocated. For susu collectors, mobilized deposits were their only lending bases. The capital base of most susu operations in Bantama sub-metro appeared to have grown considerably in nominal terms since their activities began. Various institutions were able to determine whether he base had grown in real terms, by how much their clientele had grown. They suggested that they had seen real growth over the years. susu collectors in Bantama sub-metro granted an average loan of ?450,000 in 2004, wit h a repayment schedule of one month. The longest maturity period offered by susu collectors was three month. Here, also the loan amounts were often about the same size as were requested by clients. Thus it would seem that susu collectors do not normally scale down the amount requested by clients in fact, they indicate that their clients know what is reasonable to expect. In 2004, the largest loan amount granted by asusu collector was 2,500,000 and the smallest ? 200,000 indicating the flexibility of the system. susu collectors cannot grant longer-term loans given the short-term nature of their deposit liabilities. Here, also, the difference in the average size of urban and rural loans was statically significant. The loan amount of a rotating susu group is equivalent to the total amount contributed by its members at an agreed-upon time. The size of these cash contributions veer widely from one group to another. Members usually choose an amount that will yield a sizable enough fund f or them to make large purchases or to provide working capital for business. The appropriated size ay thus be derived from the cost of some of the goods that members wanted to buy, including household appliances and building materials. Some of the amounts being applied in the public departments of some urban areas are about 10% of the salaries of junior civil servants each month, yielding an intake (or loan amount) of ? 900,000. Most susu collectors do not charge interest on their loans because all they do is advance amounts equivalent to what clients are obligate to save, less their own commission at about 3. 3% each month for the 30% of the sample who do charge interest on loans particularly to non- depositor clients. It is obvious that when susu collectors decree to lend to non-clients they ehave like typical moneylenders, with the exception-that susu collectors intermediate funds that are mobilized through susu collection. However, in view of the high-risk and short-term nature of this activity, its scope is limited. In reference to collateral, susu collectors take security for granted in view of the nature of association. Thus, many susu collectors require security only when they lend to non-deposit clients (40% of the sample of collectors) and almost 70% of the cooperatives do not require security. Why do people engage in susu? Aryeetey (1996) found out in his research into the operations, utilizations, and changes in otating susu savings in Ghana that, in an economic climate where several social groups in the workforce find that their access to informal institutions is limited due to their socio-economic handicap, informal institutions such as susu are bond to flourish. According to World Bank (1995), in areas where banking systems offer low quality services The processing of deposit and redrawal takes several hours then susu is bond to flourish. Out of the four (4) susu contributors interviewed, three (3) representing 75% agreed to the fact that they e ngage in the susu because banks may be away from them but the susu collectors come to collect the daily contribution at their own convenience. All the four (4) agreed o the fact that many banking systems offer low quality services the processing of deposits and withdrawal takes several hours and in some instances customer find no cash and must revisit the bank for withdrawal. CHAPTER FIVE Summary, conclusion and recommendations Introduction This chapter summarizes the findings in the study and draws conclusions on them. Finally it gives recommendations as to how to solve the problems entailed in the previous chapter and gives possible suggestions to improve on the operations of susu scheme by susu collectors. Summary The objective of this research carried on was to investigate on the problems facing susu collectors in the Bantama sub-metro.During the study, it was realized that susu groups and susu collectors kept good records on their activities. The majority of the susu collectors were females and majority of them had vocational school certificate. The susu groups prepared budget yearly with funds sourced from susu contributors re-invested into other businesses to raise enough interest to advert against expenditure. Rules and regulations were set to be a guideline for book keeping at various susu groups. Appropriate budgetary system was conducted and financial books for various activities were kept straight-lacedly and were used for different purposes except that susu collectors were not actively involved. A monitoring team hat checks the financial operations had been set up and external auditors audited the financial books kept strictly annually. susu collectors are attractive to low-income earners who need short-term working capital. The comparatively low interest rate makes lending even more attractive, as does the possibility that repayment can be made daily in small amounts. Although the loans amounts are relatively small, their regularity enables man y traders to smoothing their expenditure patterns by making immediate payments to suppliers and thus ensuring a regular flow of supplies. The small size of the loans and their very short maturity periods do not make them very useful for small and micro enterprises.Lastly a research work that was to be conducted on the improvement of operations of the susu scheme was withal to be done. Conclusion From the information obtained from the questionnaires and interviews, a conclusion needs to be drawn to assess the operations and problems faced by susu collectors in the country. The subheadings on a lower floor present the conclusion Administrative problems. Rules and regulations are set for susu groups with regards to the reporting guidelines and the proper action to be taken on the books kept at various susu schemes. The susu groups were supposed to use the ATF reporting guidelines. The majority of susu collectors inBantama sub-metro expressed their provocation with this guideline stati ng it was so rigid and inflexible. The work of the external or individual auditors helps to prevent fraud and irregularities in the operations of the susu scheme. However, susu collectors expressed their discomfort when the external auditors are at the premises of the susu group stating that they distract and interrupt their daily operations and work. The daily budget drawn was to help a financial plan for a period of time. Many items of expenditure were mostly considered to match revenue for per year. susu collectors were not happy with the budget because they were not mostly considered in the budget as an expenditure item.Organization and operational problems As it was observed in the previous chapter, for a contribution to be redrawn by a contributor, he or she needs to inform the susu collector a day before the collection. susu contributors expressed their annoyance with the system and mistrust with this operation. This has been a problem susu collectors face with this operatio n. The susu groups offer jobs for the unemployed of this country and in so doing reduces the problem of high rate of unemployment. However susu collectors expressed their dissatisfaction with the amount they receive as salary especially during the month of November where most susu collectors client and deposits per susu contributor increases in size. The monitoring team had not done enough study to ascertain the problems susu collectors face and even if they had done that. No effort was made to address these problems. Also the various susu groups have personnel with varying educational ground like those identified in the previous chapter. How ever the groups do not set a specific standard of qualification required. The analysis in the previous chapters reveals that susu collectors cannot grant longer-term loans given the short-term nature of their deposit liabilities. Also the loan amount of a rotating susu group is equivalent to the total amount contributed by its members at an ag reed-upon time. Most susu collectors do not charge interest on their loans because all they do is advance amounts equivalent to what clients are obliged to save, less their own commission. This reduces the profitability of susu groups as well as has set up on the salary of susu collectors. susu collectors require security only when they lend to non-deposit clients. susu collectors tend to face problems when some client fails to pay amount loaned to them. To conclude it all, susu collectors face administrative problems as well as problems in the organization and operation of the scheme. Recommendation.To improve upon the operation of the susu scheme in Bantama sub-metro after identifying the problems they face. The suggestions below should be taken into consideration. Rotating susu collectors association (ROSCA) should review the ATF guidelines regularly to ensure consistent practical application of the accounting standards to the accounting books kept. The budget implementation te am should also ensure that, susu collectors problems are identified and included in the budget and ensure that funds are solely spent according to what has been budgeted. ROSCA should also set up an accounting advisory unit to update the accountant on proper books keeping and accounting which will facilitate proper planning and decision.In every institution, there must be a control mechanism in order to ensure effectiveness and efficiency. ROSCA should appoint internal auditors who will work permanently for susu groups alongside a set of rules and regulations to govern the conduct of these internal auditors. Regular research work must be back up by way of providing researchers with the needed information in order to determine the shortfalls of the operations of susu collectors. susu deposits should be educated on the operation of the scheme in order to avoid frequent blaming of susu collectors. To raise the amount of salary for susu collectors, a low interest should be charged to r egular clients.This is to get enough funds to pay susu collectors. susu collectors should demand collateral security before loans can be advanced. This is to avoid the risk of loosing money in the operation of the scheme. The researcher supposes that, if the above suggestions recommended are carried out, it would improve upon the operations of the susu scheme by susu collectors in the Bantama sub- metro. Suggestions for further research. Research work conducted was limited to problems facing susu collectors in the Bantama sub-metro. The researcher therefore suggest further research work on the problems facing susu collectors in other sub-metros in Kumasi and Ghana at large. RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE

How the Bill of Rights Affects My Life

In 1791, the first ten amendments to the Constitution of the United States, similarly known as the bill of f are of Rights, engender ratified. The Bill of Rights contained exemptions that Americans held to be their nontransferable reforms, and were so important that before ratifying the Constitution umpteen states insisted on a promise of amendments guaranteeing individual rights. It was created to fixate limitations on the power of the United States government, defend the natural rights of liberty and property.The Bill of Rights affects every Americans life, in many antithetical ways it sets standards for people to live by, it gives us the right to be citizens, and it in any case gives us freedom of speech. The Bill of Rights gives citizens freedom, but it also crosses the line amid right and wrong. It punishes those that have done wrong, and rewards those that deserve it. It basically sets boundaries, not plainly for the lower or middle class, but for everyone.It remind s me of the Ten Commandments rules are set for the people of the land, and when those rules are broken, justice is served. The Bill of Rights also gives us the right to be citizens of the United States. Not just anyone can become an true(a) citizens, most aliens in the U. S. are illegal. Why? Because the Bill of Rights put a stop to them becoming legal and while that has its positives and negatives, I believe that its a good thing that not everyone can become a citizen of our slap-up nation.The culture, the history, the population, all of it would be different if just anyone was allowed in. I wouldnt be the person that I am today. Lastly, the Bill of Rights grants us the freedom of speech. The liberty to speak our minds and say what we need to say. In so many countries freedom of speech is banned, and here, sometimes even I take it for granted. freedom of Speech is saying what you believe needs to be said, whether good or bad, without being punished for it.So, as one can see the B ill of Rights not only affects my life, but it also affects the lives of others around me. We the people are so blessed to be citizens of this nation, and to think that our ancestors (somewhere way down the line) were the great minds that created the Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights sets standards for people to abide by, it grants select people to become citizens, and it gives us the freedom of speech but, those are just the highlights and theres more to that book than just its cover.

Malaria: Infection and Relatively New Species

The Compromise of 1850 is one of the most important compromises in this history of the unite States, maybe plane the world. The Compromise of 1850 is made up of five bills blend ined in the United States of America in September 1850, and it terminated a four-year foeman between the break ones back states of the south and the free states of the north concerning the position of territories gained during the beat of the Mexican-American war which was in 1846-1848. The most important political ramification in the Compromise has to be the ephemeral slave cultivate for numerous reasons. mevery an(prenominal) historians have argued that the ephemeral hard reckoner Act was very obliging to the emancipationist cause, hitherto though some of the abolitionists did non like its provisions. The passing Slave Act was not beneficial to the slaves and it did not help the slaves escape to freedom. The orbit matter of fugitive slaves in an intellect became one of the single main infl uential armaments in the hands of the Abolitionist Movement. The Constitution has an article that says that fugitives from sedulousness must be sent hold up to the South if they were caught in the pairing. Also, this gave thraldom what people like to call more territory.That meant that it made slavery a global organization. Although the northern states did have the ability to abolish slavery, they could not pass up their own Constitutional priority to enforce the slave legalitys that were in the southern states. Some fugitives even carried with them the officially authorized status of slavery, even in a territory that didnt have any slavery at all. In reality, most of the states did not do much somewhat this. That is the reason the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 was en bringed, which made the federal disposal creditworthy for tracking down and apprehending fugitive slaves in the North, and sending them back to the South.The Fugitive Slave law of 1850, one might say, was the mos t sinewy exercise of federal authority within the United States in the wholly era before the Civil War. The Fugitive Slave Act likewise had a great nub of features that seemed to terminate some liberties of free gabardine northerners. The Fugitive Slave Act permitted the federal government to represent citizens, even if that meant against their will, and make them to take part in posses and any other groups to sequester a hold of fugitive slaves. Also, it said that limited courts couldnt give back a ruling whether somebody was a slave or not. federal commissioners would be likely to come in and see and hear the testimony. Also, the slaves were not permitted to testify either. The person who testified was the owner, or the so-called owner, of the guess fugitive. Then, the commissioner would arbitrate whether the owner of the suspected fugitives testimony was actually believable or not, and afterwards that they would send the person back to slavery. The Fugitive Slave Act wa s a very powerful tool. It was mostly used to gather a great join of slaves, escaped slaves, or even people who werent even considered slaves at all, who were born free and ship them back to the South.The Fugitive Slave Act wasnt a supremacy due to an confinement to keep the uniting together. Rather, they focused on differences on the issue of slavery. The act also brought up some very important problems about what it marrow to trace the direction of law and go after fairness down the stairs a Constitution that both advertised freedom and permitted slavery. The acts exasperated Union sensibilities that had turned aligned with slavery. Both, Northern social and legal reaction nigh to the acts were intimidating and abusive to Southerners.Southerners felt that a few abolitionists in the North, thus far some Northern legislatures heartening slaves to rebel, an option that a great amount of Southerners really feared. The Fugitive Slave Act arranged commissioners to go after slav es who had to flee into Free States to capture them and return them to their masters. Because a great amount of Free States disliked being obligated to assist with a schema they wanted to border and ultimately abolish, they enacted laws intended to limit the efficiency of the commissioners and a great amount of officials declined to assist even though mandated by law to do so.It brought up the stage of public opinion in the North that felt it could not co make up, both half slave and half free. old to 1850, if runaway slaves were captured, they were normally killed, and sometimes even tormented in an propagate exhibit to fright other slaves. Chastisement in the North for whiteness citizens and free African-Americans who helped during escapes were formally not as cruel normally a fine for the loss of property and a petite prison objurgate that might not be enforced. In 1850, progenys became much steeper and co-ordinated more jail time.Whites, who fortified slaves, which was fre quently mandatory along the unwarranted direction, could be executed. Back in the South, anybody whether white or black who helped a fugitive, could face fatality. Northern response in opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act was physically powerful and a great amount of states enacted laws that invalidate its effect, making it valueless. On top of that, slave gatherers could officially maintain that any African-American citizen they saw was a runaway slave, which not only jeopardise free African-Americans but infuriated many white citizens.Northerners were shocked by reports of slave gatherers luring young free African-American kids onto boats and departing them to the Deep South. In cases where the overlook was put into effect, intimidation or acts of horde aggression often undeniable the send out of federal troops. Citizens convicted of infringing the act were frequently and seriously fined, locked up, or both. The rejection of northern states to put into effect the Fugitive Sla ve Act was suspected by South Carolina as one cause for its secession from the Union earlier to the start of the Civil War.Any citizen aiding an escapee slave by providing protection, intellectual nourishment or any other form of support was legally responsible to six months custody and a $500 fine, a pricey consequence in those days. Those officers catching a fugitive slave were permitted to a tippytoe and this encouraged some officers to take hostage free Negroes and wholesale them to slave-owners. If a runaway slave was seen, he or she ought to be detained and turned in to the authorities for banishment back to the rightful possessor down south. It was considered that the Fugitive Slave Act would reduce the incentive for slaves to try to flee.The underlying precept behind this was the slaves comprehension that even if they managed to run away from their cultivated area, they could subdued be captured and brought back by any citizen in the United States of America. Also, the F ugitive Slave Act led to the Civil War. Northerners, who may have been indisposed(p) to go to war over the slavery in the South, were located in a tricky condition by the obligation that they capture African-Americans who had ran from lading and return them to their previous slave-holders.This put Northerners frankly in conspiracy with slavery, and they couldnt exist with that. In conclusion, the Fugitive Slave Act was not a success at all. Sure it had great intentions, but it just did not work out. This was one of the most contentious acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern worries of a slave power scheme. It confirmed that all fugitive slaves were upon detain, to be returned to their owners. Abolitionists called it the Bloodhound Law for the dogs that were frequently utilized to track down fugitive slaves.

Fantasy in 20th Century Children’s Literature

Most critics agree that nipperrens books is a diverse paradoxical atomic number 18a of study combination different literary genres. Like the concept of babyishness, childrens publications is a brotherly and cultural concept that evolves over while. Since the fourteenth speed of light, childrens literature has gone by different literary items each defined by its proclaim divisions and genres. Many childrens novels, much(prenominal) as J. M. Barries slit and Wendy, and C. S. Lewiss The Lion, the transport, and the military press were published in the twentieth century and became classics. These books were mark with an increased diversity of literary genres such as mystery and fancy literature. vision literature has been a dominant literary genre in twentieth century childrens literature, particularly in Barries and Lewiss novels. In general, as a genre, phantasy literature integrates imaginative ele handsts that sacking a track from authoritativeity into a vica rious man.Fantasy literature in the twentieth century, namely in Barries barb and Wendy and Lewiss The Lion, the Witch and the Wadrobe serves to help children develop vast desire, and done visual sensation it allows children to under(a)stand and influencetle d receive real- beingness mixer issues. Doubtless, closely people would be able to name many a(prenominal) of the features of partiality literature. Richard Mathews in his book Fantasy The Liberation of Imagination describes delusion as a straightforward literary genre that may be best thought of as a fiction that elicits wonder through elements of the transmundane or impossible (Matthews 2).Fantasy literature assumes the thrust upence of superhuman elements inside the frame buy the outlying(prenominal)m of a plastered text. These supernatural elements croupe exist in many locations through show up the text they may be bury in, or leak into the apparent real world setting, the case of the son character Pe ter Pan and his female monarch Tinker Bell in Barries Peter and Wendy. Supernatural elements may excessively appear in a unessential world where characters are drawn into a world with such unreal elements. Narnia in Lewiss The Lion, the Witch, and the Wardrobe is an example of such setting.The fictional realm of Narnia contains various mythical creatures, and magical occurrences. Narnian inhabitants such as Tumnus and the purity Witch are themselves supernatural creatures with unusual traits often seen in European mythology and preceding British fairy tales. Fantasy literature push aside be categorized into ii main sub-genres high semblance, which consists of a distinct enti blaspheme fictional alternative world, and low fantasy, characterized by being set in the real or primary world with the inclusion of supernatural elements. In almost all cases, supernatural elements shift events a demeanor from reality.The inessential world operates according to its own rules and alte red laws of reality, different in many ways from those in the primary world. Fantasy and supernatural occurrences in the alternate world are depicted as being natural in spite of appearance its boundaries. This feature is important in keeping the secondary world internally consistent. To maintain this inner uniformity, fantasy in this modified world mustiness be realistic. Improbable fantastical events must appear probable inside the framework of rules and laws in the secondary world.As Aristotle puts it, you can have a text that is improbable with reality as long as it is consistent. As long as the improbable is consistent, then fantasy is realistic. verisimilar fantasy in the imaginative world is hence an essential obligatory for Fantasy literature. The secondary imaginative world and the fantastical events that contain at heart play an important role in shaping the way Fantasy literature elicits a child ratifier response. Perhaps one of the most recognized characteristics of Fantasy literature is its appeal to imaging.Fantasy stretches the imagination, enforces creative idea and encourages dreams. Through the aim of the supernatural elements in the secondary world, children travel on a journey fueled by imagination and inventive creation. The way Fantasy literature is received by children audience has a assume effect on the ideas and responses it elicits on them. The act of reading fantasy requires the use of the imagination. In this sense, a big deal of interplay between the writer and reviewer is present. Because the role of imagination is so important, children refs have much to contri thoe as they read fantasy.In general, the writer provides the setting, characters, plot and other elements, but the children readers hit their imagination to whatever the text allows. It is when children enter this secondary world, engaging with its characters and events that they make up part of the story. They feel a sense of pride when characters rise to broad(a) and a sense of disappointment when the characters fail. Their sense of self and identity is fully shared with the characters as they live the experiences of the fantasy story. Take Barries Neverland for example, a world without esponsibilities, filled with unlimited possibilities seemingly all wishes of children take true. Neverland is a space where restrictive parents are absent, school is unheard of, and playtime is only when interrupted by self-imagined meals (Barrie 113). At first glance, the rarified smudge to be as a child. Children readily associate with Neverland, this utopian world where everything is do possible stimulates their imagination. They imagine how seawaters are inhabited with mermaids, the endless fights with pirates, and the magic of fairy filling up woods (Barrie 116). Children create their own Neverland using their own imagination.An interesting point to note is that even the story characters themselves in Peter and Wendy imagined their own N everland. For Michael and John, Neverland was a dream, the extraordinary world they dreamed about when they were drowsy and the place where they desired to live in real life. Johns Neverland for instance, had a lagoon with flamingos flying over it at which John was shooting, time Michael, who was very small, had a flamingo with lagoons flying over it (Barrie 74). Barries story itself reflects a prime example of uncorrupted imagination through the childs interactions with the text.Barrie carefully explains that the Neverlands are located inside the childrens minds, and although every Neverland is ever more or less an island, each one provide be uniquely individual. In The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, Lewis creates Narnia and supernatural Narnian creatures to provoke wonder and imagination in the minds of children. Narnia offers children a separate world where they escape to allowing them to paint their own images of this far secondary world. Lewis gain creates heroines, who are gifted in imagination and who readily accept Narnia, the fantasy world, as a valid reality. angiotensin converting enzyme of the heroines, Lucy, goes into an enormous wardrobe and suddenly finds herself in this imaginary number world, Narnia. Lucy felt a little frightened, but she felt very inquisitive and excited as well (Lewis 9). She later meets Mr. Tumnus, a Faun who asks her how she came to Narnia. Lucy, so puzzled, asks him Narnia? Whats that? (Lewis 11). Right from the start, Lewis engages children in this imaginative world. By showing Lucys vast imagination and acceptance of Narnia, children readers extend their imagination accordingly, and view this secondary world as a valid reality.The heroines explore the new worlds of Narnia without hesitation. In Lewiss book, the Pevensie siblings go through the Wardrobe to leave the primary world and enter into the secondary world, Narnia. The Wardrobe in the story functions as a portal between the two worlds. After reading The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, every child is left imagining the surge of wardrobes. This common and tangible object that most children had in their rooms during the time Lewis wrote his book opened a gateway of wonder, imagination and curiosity for the secondary world.It is very interesting how Lewis takes ordinary familiar ingredients and transforms it in a sure way which fascinates children and stretches their imagination. Imagination is very important in allowing the child answer real world issues. Fantasy literature, through the imagination elicited within its context plays a central role in promoting the idea of a capable wise child. Adults like to view children as innocent, unable to labour surround real life situations. Warner in Little Angels, Little Monsters refers to Kiplings unforgettable vivid Mowgli, and J. M Barries Peter Pan, the boy who would neer modernise. Both examples reveal the depth of adult investment in a utopian childhood image (Warner 134). Heywo od, in Some Themes in the ethnic History of Childhood, refers to the ideal innocent child incapable of solving real world problems, as part of the nineteenth and twentieth century British culture (Heywood 34). Certainly, many other authors of the twentieth century including Barrie and Lewis tried to give the image of the innocent powerless child, unable to comprehend universal situations.This ideal image of childhood is seen in Barries Peter Pan, as the boy who is suspended in a state of perpetual childhood, refusing to grow up (Cuthew 43). This eternal childhood is supported by Neverland, the secondary world where such attitude is cherished. Although this idea of innocent child is deeply coordinated in the works of Barrie and Lewis, but without doubt, fantasy in both of Barries and Lewiss texts serves to promote a whole different role of the child. The secondary world, Narnia, provides a setting where children deal with issues universal to humankind and ones specifically associa ted with childhood and adolescence.Both Lewiss and Barries child protagonists are organizationd with numerous epic challenges, journey and battles in the imaginary world. By using fantasy, and placing this battle in a secondary fantasy world, childrens actions and decisions are condition adult proportions and importance, whilst the safety remains in the known world to which they leave behind return. As Zipes states, by using fantasy, the child understands universal situations in a complex, adult-life manner (Zipes 178). Warner believes adults see it as their task to socialize children and teach them how to work on real life issues (Warner 139).In some cases even, children outsmart adults (Warner 137). Warner further mentions Novalis who stresses on the importance of fantasy literature in creating an intimate confederation between children and a wonderful, free-floating world of imagination (Warner 135). Novalis insists that the observable, active fantasy-life displayed by childr ens books gives children rise to power to a world of wisdom. For him, through myth and fairy tale, a child is seen as a good deal cleverer and wiser than an adult. Spielbergs children characters in E. T and Back to the Future fiction films are prime examples of such children. Twentieth century fantasy literature particular to childrens authors such as Barrie and Lewis, enforces imagination to deal with universal social issues. The fantasy world contained within Barries and Lewiss texts allows children to rely on an imaginary world that will offer them order and meaning. In both Peter and Wendy and The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe, the child protagonists, Peter Pan and the Pevensie children are sent on a fantasy adventure and they encounter various challenges.Through their experiences, these child characters drive children to rely on their own imagination and creativity to solve problems around them. In bother novels, child protagonists are virtual role models for the child read er and so their actions and the way they deal with real life issues carry great relevance to the child reader. By allowing children make their own decisions, children are condition agency and added responsibility. Children learn to use their own imagination and gain sixth sense on how things should operate without adult rules hanging over their heads.In Barries book, the story character, Peter and Wendy go on a journey to Neverland, a world where restrictive parents are absent. Peter and Wendy face different challenges. Wendy mothers the unconnected Boys Peter has various encounters with Hook. In both cases, these two child figures are left without adult guidance. Despite the lack of parental rule, these children characters manage to face difficulties and apply their insight to solve problems that come across in Neverland. Lewiss The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe reflects another important example of childrens king to comprehend certain moral and social issues without adult gu idance.In Lewiss book, Edmund, the third oldest Pevensie child learns the importance of honesty and trust, and the severity of lying. When he is stipulation Turkish delight the first time, he directly falls under the White Witchs trap and agrees to bring back his siblings to her. all in all he wants is to shovel down as much Turkish hex as he could, and the more he ate the more he wanted to eat (Lewis 38). Upon Edmunds betrayal to his siblings, Lucy notices the change of Edmund, because Edmunds face is rosy-cheeked and strange (Lewis 42) and he looks awful (Lewis 44).This quotation indicates that a treacherous soulfulness has a different appearance. Without explicitly saying to the child, you should not lie, fantasy and fairy tales allow children to see the bonuses and consequences of virtues followed and disobeyed. Through fantasy, children are also allowed to come to their own consensus of the binaries of good and shame, right and wrong without having parents guide them thro ugh the good culture process. Fantasy gives children the freedom to create their own set of morality through stories, characters and imaginative places.Take Lewiss treatment of the concepts of good and nefariousness in Narnia. The Pevensie children are set on an adventure taking them into the fantasy world that is equipped with ideal tools for exploring good and bad. In this fantasy world, the children protagonists are offered many chances to use their own judgment in differentiating right from wrong. Lewis uses this secondary world to allow children see extremes of good and evil. On one hand, Lewis shows the White Witch, the evil queen of Narnia. She seems to abuse her evil powers and carries a wand that can turn creatures into stones.On the other hand, Lewis shows Aslan, the king and God of Narnia. Aslan is a alarming lion who sacrifices his life so that the Witch will spare Edmund. not only does Lewis place his setting in a fantasy world, but he also takes advantage of fant astic creatures to stimulate the child readers sense of dread and imagination. These extreme Narnian characters offer two opposition extreme measures of good and evil for which children can compare to. By facial expression at real world issues, the child is able to deal with situations of good and evil the same way they were played out in the imaginary world.The child is better able to understand his or her position in the world in relation to those around. Allowing the child to judge the good and evil can arguably be seen as means of socialization, a way of opening the childs eyes to their surrounding society. Through eliciting imagination in children, twentieth century Fantasy literature has also highlighted social values of its period. Even in fantasy when authors write adventures taking place in a secondary world, it is quite difficult to escape certain institutions and values which make our society function.Twentieth century Fantasy literature carried many adult social message s to children. As Henry Jenkins mentions in entering Childhood Innocence and Other Modern Myths, childrens social learning is shaped both by adult desires and childhood fantasies (Jenkins 25). Warner further adds on the topic by saying that in society there is a deep involvement of adults in shaping children. As members of a running(a) society, how we treat children really tests who were are and fundamentally conveys who we hope to be (Warner, 137). British writers made comments on society and British life through childrens fantasy books.For example, Lewis in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe mentions the castor family in Narnia. The Beaver family can be seen to function on the stereotypical model of a twentieth century British family. In one example, Mr. Beaver rushes out in the cold with Peter to provide food for the family, meanwhile the girls were constituent Mrs Beaver to fill the kettle and cut the bread (Lewis 69). It can be argued that through Narnia, Lewis reflects t he British life in the twentieth century where men spend long hours working away form home whereas mothers protection the home from the corruptions of the outside world (Jenkins, 7).It is now agreed that twentieth century Fantasy literature is vital in the childs learning of imagination. Although childrens minds are less developed than adults, their ability to imagine is far greater. Fantasy stories not only allow children to imagine other worlds, they let children create those worlds. Barrie and Lewis wrote for children in a sense that they used simpler language and fantastical settings. These authors tried to fully engage children readers with texts.But, not for a moment did they lower the childs ability to comprehend greater universal and social problems such as the arguments between siblings, the struggle to fight temptation and make the right decision, the importance of imagination in providing children with self-guidance and the ability of evaluating good and evil in societ y. Twentieth century British authors such as Barrie and Lewis also used Fantasy literature to comment on social issues of that period and reflect certain values of society. In twentieth century childrens literature, fantasy is not used to deceive but to enlighten.