Analyse The Assumptions Made By Liberalism And Realism Politics Essay

Analyse The Assumptions Made By Liberalism And Realism Politics EssayLiberalism assumes instead portraying lust of advocator as the world-wide conflict liberalism fights for the basic rights of the people. It insists on pursuing the political reforms establish democracies. It emphasizes on the value of the free trade on the basis that it will help in preventing the conflicts betwixt nations as it abbreviates the issue self-importanceishness and enhances the communication.Liberalism advocated the formation of the global institutions such as the linked Nations which sees any threat to any individual nation as a threat to everyone. The institutions help in resolving the conflicts by mediating the conflicts in the event of any misnetherstanding.Basically liberals assume that states will act in a quick of scent manner and they ar a unitary actor.The liberalists fell into three different groups as classified by the realists The first group advocated league of the nations was formed with the nonsubjective to consider the attack on the nation as an attack on all. The second group formed the Permanent Court of foreign Justice that would start to formation of judicial body capable of issuing justices to the disputes. The third group sort to avoid war by advocating Disarmament in1order to reduce the international tension1.The League of Nations failed to take appropriate action against the Japan or Italy for invasion, PCIJ failed as the major disputed were rarely submitted and the Geneva Disarmament Conference resulted in failure1.Realism (discussed later in the paper) failed to explain complex inter perspectiveence of the transnational relations. As a result various types of the international regimes were formed to govern the demeanour of different international issues that resulted in higher interdependency and lead to even higher co-operation (Neo-Liberalism).Often Realists argue that Liberalism ancient focus was not providing the national pledge rather then playing with the low governing (such as in the area of finance, environment). The critics hope the global institutions often fail to provide the appropriate reception for the aggression1.RealismAssumptionsRealism assumes the state as the ultimate power that is not answerable to any body it can resolve the tiny issues itself. The realists often believe that world politics is a zero-sum game what ever is gained by one competitor is disoriented by the opposite.The realists portrays the international politics is the struggle among the states to die hard others by the gain of power, what ever actions are required to achieve the national interest they must be taken at any costs. The best way to oblige the peacefulness is to be powerful.The states should increase its force power and align with the powerful states in order to counter any threat, to promote is national interest or to maintain equilibrate of the power among the states.To the realists the economic power is les s important then the military power. They believe that under the international anarchy the state should depend on itself to provide the security and wellbeing (Realpolitik) 1 and should never under estimate the power of the rival (that is it will cooperate easily). Realists dont consider the decision qualification as a social move and they ignore ones interest. The great rivalry between US and USSR to struggle for the hegemony is supported by the realist thought.Realism doesnt allow the good considerations to influence the decision making operation. The realists evaluate the choices available for decision after considering the results of the action taken. Realists sometimes fail to explain the reasons for its own action taken for the national interest. The leaders were unable to justify that Vietnam War served the the Statess National provoke.How do these devil schools of thought (Liberalism and Realism) differ?The following points highlight the key difference between the real ism and liberalismHuman Nature The realists are believers of the pessimistic view that politics at the global level is driven by the self interest of individual nation, apiece nation should rely on itself for the national defence and well being 1 . It should make decision to satisfy the national interest.Where as the liberalism has the optimistic view that contrary policy decisions should be based upon the mutual interests of the people and can be achieved with the help of the international organizations1.Concepts The realists portray the international politics is the struggle among the states to dominate others by the gain of power, what ever actions are required to achieve the national interest (that can be with the military influence). While according to the liberal conjecture explains that International Relations can be improved by the model of complex interdependence that can result in larger cooperation.The complex interdependence explains that the state is not the some im portant actor, the foreign policy decisions should not be made on the basis of the military power. The complex interdependence scheme focuses that growing ties (that can be either a result of the trade between 2 nations) between two nations can make them exposed to each(prenominal) others activities and sensitive about their needs 1. nought union Game The realists consider politics as the Zero-Sum game (what ever is gained by one competitor is lost by the other one nation can easily betray other) 1. Liberals dont consider politics as the zero sum game, instead of following the military methods they have the reliance upon the judicial methods to tackle the disputes.International System Realism assumes that International System is anarchic that forces the leaders of the different nation to pursue self help principle (In the international anarchic system the nations must depend on themselves for their national defence and well being) 1. It assumes that chances of co-operation on th e global level are very rare on critical issues. Even if there is co-operation then it can result in the relative gains (One participant benefits more then the other in joint effort). While in Liberalism the International system is struggling to be more peaceful. Liberals stress on the role of inter-governmental organizations in the endorsement of cooperation. chief(prenominal) Cause of Conflict Basically Classical Realists believe the lust of the power to dominate others leads to the conflicts between two nations and ends in enmity while the neo-realists claim that effort of the conflicts is the anarchic international system1 each state should rely on its own abilities to survive. Where as Liberals believe in that realpolitik results in the conflicts. in any case the conflicts are caused cod to lack of the international laws to regulate competition (example arms race) between nations1.Best path to peace Realists state that peace can be achieved by the oddment of power if all sta tes seek to increase their power preventing without being dependent on any other nation while Liberalism assumes that best path to peace can be achieved through with(predicate) co-operation through inter-governmental organizations such as United Nations. IGO such as UN help in mediate the conflicts between two nations in the event of any misconception.Also liberalism emphasizes on the value of the free trade on the basis that it will help in preventing the conflicts between nations as it reduces selfishness and results in effective communication.Organizations Realism assumes the state as the supreme power that is not answerable to any body (for its internal affairs) it can resolve the critical issues on its own, without any external interference while liberalism emphasizes on the IGOs (Intergovernmental Organizations) in mediating the conflicts in the event of any misconception.Morality Under realism the nations national interest is the prime objective.Classic Realists are the firm believers that the Leaders of the nation can often choose the wrong decision while the foreign policy making process if they allow morality to preside over the policy making process, they believe that the country should always follow the dictation of the power. Realists complaint against liberalism of its tendency to turn foreign policy in the moral crusade1. While liberalists advocate the importance of the people in the decision making process, the power of the ideas can influence many critical decisions.In your opinion, which one or so accurately described the world during the Cold War era?Realism during Cold War In my opinion, Realism most accurately explains the world during the cold war era. Realism accounts that the cold war was a consequence of the narrowing of the military capabilities of the great power rivals United States of the States and Union of Soviet Socialists Republics that resulted in the hegemonic struggle between them. Both of the countries struggled for the establishment of the spheres of influence around the world. After the end of the Second World War, the global politics were dominated by United States of America (Unipolarity) as it possessed an atomic bomb while its rival (USSR) didnt.Truman Doctrine and Containment The great rivalry between two nations started with the George F Keenans long telegraph to President Harry S Truman stating that America needs to assess the post war policy as the soviets had a ruling of insecurity to maintain power. The measures taken by USSR to strengthen their spheres of dominance ended up in the policy of the Truman Doctrine and Containment. Truman Doctrine stated that US will provide the military support to all its allies in the event of any communist expansion while the strategy of Containment stated the appropriate measures to be taken to against USSR to prevent its expansion or communist influence by using the threat of a possible attack by US1.Zero Sum Game The race of the arms or the cold war started with USSRs accumulation of the atomic bomb that took USs Unipolarity away and ended up in Bipolarity. Soon started the atomic arms race between Soviet Union and America and they started looking at each with a watchful suspicion. US pursued the Realist Principle of Zero Sum Game the loss from one side is the gain to other in cooperation while USSR followed the balance of the power realist principle.Bipolar Nature and Nuclear Weapons some Realists attributes the absence of war to the bi-polar nature of the postwar global system which is less war-prone then the multi-polar system during the world-war 2. In the multi-power global system the states often underestimate the proportional power of the opponent.Some realists also concluded that nuclear weapons had played a significant role in the preservation of the peace during the cold 1.National Interest Under the realism the state was the most important actor and nations interest was the top priority. When the Soviet invaded Afghanistan, US President Jimmy Carter came up with Carter Doctrine under which America will use its military forces in order to protect its oil supplies from the gulf (which was nations top interest) 1. Also as per Reagan Doctrine, US provided support to the insurgents to countermine the soviet supported governments in countries like Afghanistan (US supported AL-QAEDA). force-out Politics In the late 1980s the Soviet Policies can be seen as earthy theories, Moscow tried to increase its influence on the third world and it tried to suppress the rebellions against the government in Germany, Czechoslovakia and Poland.Military Power vs. Economic Power As per the realist assumption, to USSR economic power was less important then military power, this resulted in the destruction of the soviet economy because of its long pursuit to seek balance of power.During the cold the Soviet Union was involved in the constant production of the arms to increase its military power to boost national sec urity in the even of an attack from America. Brezhnev was to slow to identify the countrys economic problem and was reluctant to take necessary measure to tackle it1.Out of Liberalism and Realism which one most accurately describes the world we live in today?Liberalism in present life Liberalism most accurately defines the world that we live in today. Liberalism has the belief that alternate in the global politics can be engineered by human choices. The idea for the liberalism started in the 19th century in Europe then it blossom slowly and steadily across the world that we live in today. The USSR dissolution in 1991 was due to the influence of the liberal ideas by Mikhail Gorbachev. Liberalism advocates the free trade between nations which further results in the complex interdependence. United States is a liberal country, founded on the basis of free market and morality. Liberalism advocated the formation of the global institutions/ inter-governmental organizations such as the Un ited Nations, International Criminal Court which sees any threat to any individual nation as a threat to everyone. The institutions help in resolving the conflicts by mediating the conflicts in the event of any misunderstanding. IGO such as United Nations have driven community of the peace loving countries. Countries can collectively response through the multi lateral actions to tackle any tough situation.Trade The liberal theory emphasizes on the trade thus helps in preventing disputes from escalating to the wars, increase inter-dependence and it increases the communication between two countries thus reducing the misconceptions (if any). The commercial liberalism (which advocates the free markets principles) has resulted in Liberal International Economic Order between the regimes. Many new trade agreements like NAFTA, FTAA, ASEAN, EU (under the liberalising rules of the World Trade Organization) have resulted in many positive have resulted in making the world more globalized. Trade had helped in improving the economic condition of the global south countries thus leading the path to democracy.As a result of trade, global souths share in export products has grown from 10% in 1980 to 30 % in 20081.Multi-National Corporations Foreign Direct Investments The political economy is shaped by the globalization of the production, the Multi-National Corporations (MNC) assist in the globalization of the production. The MNCs have resulted in the foreign direct investments (FDI) in the developing global south countries. In 2007, the FDI were around 30% to the global south by MNCs 1.International Law now the international law (UN) has started reviving its policies for the military intervention that it has the right to stop human genocide, suffering or the ethnic cleansing. It has resulted in the collapse of the old agreement of Westphalia that no one can hinder in states internal affairs. Like the example of the rising terrorism in countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan has pushed international law to write international to permit the intervention in these countries providing a safe place for terrorist deeds. Many realists have tied up with the liberals in categorizing Iraq war in 2003 was an unneccary war1.International Criminal Court To protect the human rights the International Criminal Court (ICC) was launched in 2002 as a watch dog on the human genocides or crimes. In many cases the ICC has pursued when States own court are unable to.The ICC indicted Sudanese President Omar- al- Bashir for his role in human genocide in Sudan1. Also the ICC tries its best to prevent the war by mediating between two states. ICC issues the sanctions against a country who tries to break the law (such as acts against humanity). In the event the sanctions fail to work then ICC is left with using the aggressive means (war).Arms Reductions As per the realist theory the war is necessary to achieve the peace, the realists sought to increase the military power while libera l thought predict the more armed the state, it is more vulnerable to the war.The Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty of 2002 has resulted in the nuclear arsenal of Russia and America by ninety percent. In 2005 the 189 countries have signed Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty and 46 countries signed International Nuclear Fuel Cycle military rating to take new initiatives for nuclear arm control1.